{"id":17577,"date":"2018-02-12T11:07:01","date_gmt":"2018-02-12T10:07:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.redanalysis.org\/?p=17577"},"modified":"2018-02-12T11:07:01","modified_gmt":"2018-02-12T10:07:01","slug":"china-united-kingdom-golden-relationship-belt-road","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2018\/02\/12\/china-united-kingdom-golden-relationship-belt-road\/","title":{"rendered":"La Chine et le Royaume-Uni \"Golden Relationship\" sur la ceinture et la route"},"content":{"rendered":"

In 2015, on the eve of his first state visit to the UK, the Chinese President Xi Jinping praised the \u201cvisionary and strategic choice\u201d of the British government and its will to build a \u201cgolden era\u201d of Sino-British relationships (\u201cXi Jinping visit: UK-China ties will be lifted to new height<\/a>\u201d, BBC News<\/em>, 20 October 2015). The first Chinese freight train for the UK was launched on 1 January 2017; then on 1 May 2017, a cargo train coming from London arrived in in Chinese city of Yiwu, after a \u201crapid\u201d voyage of 11000 kilometres, which lasted only two weeks (Louise Moon, \u201cChina launches freight train to Britain<\/a>\u201d, The Telegraph<\/em>, 2 January 2017, and Will Worley, \u201cFirst direct train from UK to China arrives in north-east town of Yiwu after 7 500 mile journey<\/a>\u201d, The independent<\/em>, 2 May 2017). Six months later, on 28 January 2018, British Prime Minister Theresa May went to China for a three days state visit, during which the Chinese and British governments signed more than 13 billion dollars agreements, ranging from agriculture to innovative technologies, nuclear projects and clean energy.<\/p>\n

\"Eurasia<\/p>\n

These deals were accompanied by declarations from Prime Minister Theresa May and President Xi Jinping regarding the way the UK could become more involved in the Chinese inter continental Belt and Road initiative and in global governance. It must be noted that these official declarations are being supported by major political and finance decisions, rapidly piling up, especially since 2015, when Prime Minister David Cameron declared the start of a \u201cgolden age\u201d of China-UK relations (\u201cChina Britain\u201d to benefit from \u201cgolden era\u201d in ties<\/a>\u201d, Reuters<\/em>, October 18, 2015).<\/p>\n

In other words, the China-UK relationship is turning Great Britain into a massive \u201chub\u201d for the Chinese international development, at the very moment when Britain negotiates its \u201cBrexit\u201d with the European Union. In the same dynamic and time line, China, i.e. one of the current major world powers (Martin Jacques,\u00a0When China Rules the World<\/em><\/a>, 2012), is becoming a massive political and economic partner of the UK. This means that a crucial power shift is happening through the new and \u201cgolden\u201d relationship between the UK and China, in a time of geopolitical transformations.<\/p>\n

In a first part, we shall point out how the principles, ways and means of the Belt and Road initiative are deeply compatible with the way the UK defines its Chinese policy. In a second part, we shall see how and why the UK is developing this \u201cgolden relationship\u201d. In a third part, we shall emphasise the massive geopolitical shift implied by this new \u201cChina-UK\u201d connection.<\/p>\n

The UK long march on the Chinese Belt and Road<\/h1>\n

Since 2015, the UK is quite pro-active about the Chinese \u201cBelt & Road\u201d initiative. For example, Britain has been among the first countries to become a \u201cfounding member\u201d of the China-led Asian Infrastructures and investment Bank<\/a> (AIIB). It must be remembered that the AIIB is major player of the \u201cBelt & Road\u201d or Chinese New Silk Road, previously known as \u201cOne Belt, One Road\u201d (OBOR) The UK Government announced its intention to join the AIIB in March 2015, and officially joined up on 29 June 2015 (\u201cUK ratifies articles of agreement of the Asian Infrastructure and Investment Bank<\/a>\u201d, GOV.UK<\/em>, 3 December 2015).<\/p>\n

\"AIIB<\/p>\n

The AIIB finances or co-finances multinational infrastructures\u2019 development in Asian nations, among these the Kazakh segment of the Western China-Highway-Western Europe (\u201cAIIB and OBOR<\/a>\u201d, OBOReurope One Belt one Road Europe<\/em>). These transport infrastructures\u2019 development play a fundamental role in the Chinese \u201cNew Silk Road \/ Belt and Road\u201d initiative (BRI). Thus, the action of the AIIB is deeply complementary to the BRI. In effect, the BRI is an economic and infrastructures strategy aimed at ensuring the constant flow of energy resources, commodities, products, money and data that are necessary to the current industrial and capitalist development and enrichment of the 1,4 billion strong \u201cMiddle Kingdom\u201d (Jean-Michel Valantin, \u201cChina and the New Silk Road \u2013 From oil wells to the moon \u2026 and beyond<\/a>\u201d,\u00a0The Red (Team) Analysis Society<\/em>, July 6 2015). Since 2013, China has been deploying the NSR\/ BRI initiative, which attracts the interest and commitment of numerous Asian, African and Middle Eastern countries.<\/p>\n

\"One-belt-one-road\"<\/p>\n

As we detailed previously, the Belt and Road Initiative\u00a0is a new expression of the Chinese philosophical and strategic thought (Valantin, \u201cChina and the New Silk Road: the Pakistani strategy<\/a>\u201d,\u00a0The Red Team Analysis<\/em>, May 18, 2015). It is grounded\u00a0in an understanding of the spatial dimension of China, in the geographic sense, as well as in a comprehension of the different countries that are involved in the deployment of the NSR. Space is conceived as a support to spread Chinese influence and power to the \u201coutside\u201d, but also to allow the Middle Kingdom to \u00a0\u201caspirate\u201d what it needs from the \u201coutside\u201d to the \u201cinside\u201d \u00a0(Quynh Delaunay,\u00a0Naissance de la Chine moderne, L\u2019Empire du Milieu dans la globalisation<\/em><\/a>, 2014). This is why we qualify some spaces as being \u201cuseful\u201d to the deployment of the OBOR, and why each \u201cuseful space\u201d is related, and \u201cuseful\u201d, to other \u201cuseful spaces\u201d.<\/p>\n

Thus, the UK, by actively choosing to become part of the BRI, seems to become a fundamental \u201cgeographic useful space\u201d for China, while China seems to become a very strong attractor for the UK.<\/p>\n

An emerging \u201cGolden Relationship\u201d?<\/h1>\n

It is interesting to note that, in May 2015, during a visit of the Chinese Foreign Minister Wang in London, the then Prime Minister David Cameron announced that<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cBritain is committed to developing relations with China and is willing to become its most open partner\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Minister Wang answered that<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cBoth nations could explore new space for growth in the China-Britain comprehensive strategic partnership, and add new momentum to their cooperation in international productivity, global finance, growth and innovation, and global governance and development.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

It is important to note that this exchange encapsulates the main structural economic preoccupation of modern states, i.e. economic growth and development in a global multipolar world (\u201cBritish PM hails \u201cgolden year\u201d in UK-China relations<\/a>\u201d Xinhuanet<\/em>, 2015-06-10 and Giovanni Arrighi,\u00a0Adam Smith in Beijing<\/em><\/a>, 2007).<\/p>\n

\"China<\/p>\n

Since this 2015 visit, followed in October 2015 by the state visit of President Xi Jinping in the UK, the two governments launched numerous political initiatives. For example, since the start of December 2017, foreign finance companies are allowed to own up to 51% of local fund managers, securities ventures and brokerages in China, instead of being limited to 49%. In other terms, this decision opens up the Chinese financial market to the City of London, at the moment when UK firms are looking for ways to access new markets after the Brexit, especially given the fact that they could therefore access the very large base of China\u2019s savings (Cecily Liu, \u201cChinese market will entice UK financial service<\/a>\u201d, ChinaDaily<\/em>, 2017-11-26 and Huang Ge, \u201cOpportunities abound in sino-UK economic, trade ties: China Britain Business Club Chief<\/a>\u201d, Global Times<\/em>, 2018-1-28). This thematic of an enhanced financial cooperation between the two countries was also central to the exchanges between Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang in December 2017 (\u201cPremier Li meet British Chancellor of the Exchequer<\/a>\u201d, The State Council, The People\u2019s Republic of China<\/em>, December 16, 2017).<\/p>\n

However, the financial side of the \u201cSino-British golden relationship\u201d is part of the larger picture of the common political project that is woven by both parties. This larger picture integrates developments in the nuclear field, in clean energy, in high-speed train, in high technology trade, which are integrated to the Belt and Road framework (Josh Hallyday, \u201cUK-China relations still \u201cgolden\u201d, says PM, as investments talk open<\/a>\u201d, The Guardian<\/em>, 10 Nov, 2016). In other terms, the \u201cgolden relationship\u201d allows China to develop a strategic relationship with the fifth economic power in the world, furthermore a crucial actor in one of the most geopolitically charged situation in the world: indeed, the UK is both a European power and an Atlantic power, with deep and historical ties in Asia, in particular with China, notably through its past \u201cownership\u201d of Hong Kong until 1997 (John King Fairbanks, Merle Goldman,\u00a0China, a New History<\/em><\/a>, 2006).<\/p>\n

For the UK, the deployment of the Belt and Road initiative opens a new geo-economic and political landscape. In effect, joining the Belt and Road initiative literally means for Great Britain that it develops deep links with the most important Asian powerhouse, at a moment when world economics are more and more centred in Asia, which is moreover currently leading global growth (\u201cAsia\u2019s dynamic economies continue to lead global growth<\/a>\u201d, International Monetary Fund<\/em>, May 9, 2017). This \u201cconnection\u201d is constructed through railroad interconnections, the development of financial cooperation, technological exchanges. Furthermore, between today and 2020, this \u201cGolden relationship\u201d could also become a \u201cgolden inter-connexion\u201d, given the project of construction of a submarine fibre optic cable of 10 500 km that could, or will, connect Russia, Japan, Russia and Norway and Finland. This trans-Arctic link will be destined to connect with the Baltic and Northern sea submarine fibre optic network that, among others, are connected to the UK. This connection will reinforce data exchanges between Great Britain and china (Jean-Michel Valantin, \u201cThe Russian Arctic, China\u2019s (digital) development and Northern Europe<\/a>\u201d, The red (team) Analysis Society<\/em>, January 29, 2018).<\/p>\n

A historical geopolitical shift?<\/h1>\n

It is difficult not to understand the British expression of a \u201cgolden relationship\u201d, coined to qualify the new dimension of the China-UK set of relations, as an allusion to the \u201cspecial relationship\u201d that has defined the dense, complicated and tangled relations between Britain and the US. The very expression itself – the \u201cspecial relationship\u201d – was created by Winston Churchill in 1946, during its famous \u201cIron Curtain Speech\u201d, to salute the way both countries had fought side by side against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, while having a new common enemy, the Soviet Union (Daniel Yergin, Shattered peace: the origins of the Cold war and of the National security state<\/em><\/a>, 1977).<\/p>\n

\"Theresa<\/p>\n

Thus, the new notion of a \u201cgolden relationship\u201d expresses a major shift from the British geopolitical history of the twentieth century and early twenty-first century, including, more recently, the alliance forged with the US for the \u201cwar on terror\u201d and the fight against Islamic terrorist networks as well as for the war in Iraq. It signals Britain\u2019s \u201cpivot\u201d to China, the Middle Kingdom being perceived as the new siege of international power (\u201cBritain eyes closer cooperation with China Belt and Road<\/a>\u201d, Global Times<\/em>, 2018\/2\/1).<\/p>\n

Reciprocally, for China, the integration of the UK to the B&R is of a major geopolitical importance, because it allows Chinese firms, among others, for example, to benefit from the financial knowledge, capability and global reach of the City (\u201cTime to shine \u201cGolden era\u201d for China-Britain ties brighter<\/a>\u201d, Global Times<\/em>, 2018-1-31). It turns the UK into a \u201csource\u201d of financial resources for China while transforming the B&R into a potential transport, electronic, and political Eurasian loop going from China to \u201cExtreme Europe\u201d up to the North Atlantic.<\/p>\n

Thus, the Belt and Road initiative could lead towards an \u201cAsian Britain\u201d and an \u201cAtlantic China\u201d.<\/p>\n

The world is shifting.<\/p>\n

About the author<\/strong><\/em>:\u00a0Jean-Michel Valantin<\/a>\u00a0(PhD Paris) leads the Environment and Geopolitics\u00a0Department of The Red (Team) Analysis Society. He is specialised in strategic studies and defence sociology with a focus on environmental geostrategy.<\/em><\/p>\n

Featured image:\u00a0The\u00a0City of London\u00a0seen from the south bank of the\u00a0river Thames\u00a0in London, United Kingdom, by\u00a0By 0x010C (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

En 2015, \u00e0 la veille de sa premi\u00e8re visite d'\u00c9tat au Royaume-Uni, le pr\u00e9sident chinois Xi Jinping a salu\u00e9 le \"choix visionnaire et strat\u00e9gique\" du gouvernement britannique et sa volont\u00e9 de construire un \"\u00e2ge d'or\" des relations sino-britanniques (\"Xi Jinping visit : UK-China ties will be lifted to new height\", BBC News, 20 octobre 2015). ... <\/p>\n

Continuer la lecture \" La \"relation d'or\" entre la Chine et le Royaume-Uni sur la Ceinture et la Route \"<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":17590,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2497,2502,2478],"tags":[1789,2560],"class_list":["post-17577","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-china","category-europe","category-the-new-silk-road","tag-featured","tag-open-access","entry"],"yoast_head":"\nChina and the United Kingdom \u201cGolden Relationship\u201d on the Belt and Road • The Red Team Analysis Society<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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