{"id":21446,"date":"2019-04-08T18:38:04","date_gmt":"2019-04-08T16:38:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.redanalysis.org\/?p=21446"},"modified":"2021-10-08T12:12:20","modified_gmt":"2021-10-08T10:12:20","slug":"intelligence-artificielle-internet-des-objets-et-du-futur-de-lagriculture-smart-agriculture-security-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2019\/04\/08\/artificial-intelligence-the-internet-of-things-and-the-future-of-agriculture-smart-agriculture-security-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2605 Capteur et actionneur pour l'IA (3) - Intelligence artificielle, l'Internet des choses et l'avenir de l'agriculture : S\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l'agriculture intelligente ? (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

L'un des axes actuels de l'intelligence artificielle est l'\u00e9thique. Par exemple, le 8 avril 2019, la Commission europ\u00e9enne a publi\u00e9 sa communication Construire la confiance dans l'intelligence artificielle centr\u00e9e sur l'homme<\/a>. Google, malgr\u00e9 les revers, tente \u00e9galement de mettre en place un comit\u00e9 d'\u00e9thique de l'IA (Kelsey Piper, \"Exclusif : Google annule le comit\u00e9 d'\u00e9thique de l'AI en r\u00e9ponse aux protestations<\/a>\u201c, Vox<\/em>4 avril 2019). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cependant, l'\u00e9thique ne peut \u00eatre d\u00e9tach\u00e9e de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 et de la praticabilit\u00e9 de l'IA. Les deux doivent se nourrir l'une de l'autre. Par cons\u00e9quent, nous devons examiner la mani\u00e8re dont l'IA est ou sera utilis\u00e9e tr\u00e8s concr\u00e8tement, au-del\u00e0 d'une \"IA bo\u00eete noire\" mal d\u00e9finie. Nous devons comprendre ses moteurs. Nous devons comprendre les enjeux (Intelligence artificielle - Forces, moteurs et enjeux<\/a>). Et nous devons \u00e9valuer les impacts que l'IA aura sur la gouvernance, la gestion, la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et les relations internationales. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cet article, nous nous concentrons sur la mani\u00e8re dont les diff\u00e9rents acteurs incluent l'IA dans l'agriculture et ainsi envisagent et d\u00e9veloppent l'avenir de l'agriculture, en fait ce que l'on appelle \"l'agriculture intelligente\". Nous \u00e9valuons ensuite les principaux impacts et cons\u00e9quences. Nous examinons la meilleure fa\u00e7on de d\u00e9velopper et d'int\u00e9grer l'IA dans les activit\u00e9s de la vie r\u00e9elle. Parall\u00e8lement, nous \u00e9valuons l'impact de l'agriculture intelligente non seulement sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 agricole, mais aussi sur la gouvernance et la g\u00e9opolitique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

C'est la deuxi\u00e8me partie de notre article qui explore la mani\u00e8re dont l'intelligence artificielle est ins\u00e9r\u00e9e dans son environnement par l'interm\u00e9diaire de l'Internet des objets dans un domaine particulier, l'agriculture (voir premi\u00e8re partie<\/a>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce texte en deux parties fait partie de la s\u00e9rie consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 l'interface entre l'intelligence artificielle et son environnement, ainsi qu'aux impacts connexes sur la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, la politique et la g\u00e9opolitique (\"Ins\u00e9rer l'intelligence artificielle dans la r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/a>\u201c). Il plonge plus profond\u00e9ment dans l'interface jumelle qui permet d'int\u00e9grer l'IA dans la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 humaine, en recherchant notamment des actionneurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Contenu<\/strong> - Publi\u00e9 en deux parties (voir ici pour la premi\u00e8re partie<\/a>). La table des mati\u00e8res ne devient interactive que pour membres<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

  1. L'IdO, un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me id\u00e9al pour les agents AI<\/a>
    1. Un bref historique de l'IdO, ou le d\u00e9veloppement d'un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me id\u00e9al pour l'IA<\/a> <\/li>
    2. L'IdO et ses domaines d'application<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/li>
    3. L'IA et l'IdO en action - L'agriculture intelligente<\/a>
      1. Relever les d\u00e9fis de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire<\/a><\/li>
      2. L'agriculture intelligente comme r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire<\/a><\/li>
      3. Acteurs du monde de l'entreprise - La route au-del\u00e0 des capteurs et de la seule sortie num\u00e9rique<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/li>
      4. Impacts et cons\u00e9quences<\/a>
        1. Surprise, surprise ! Les acteurs cl\u00e9s de la propagation de l'IA ...<\/a><\/li>
        2. La connaissance, c'est le pouvoir<\/a><\/li>
        3. Une s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire intelligente ?<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

          En guise de bref r\u00e9sum\u00e9 et de rappel, dans la premi\u00e8re partie<\/a>Nous avons consid\u00e9r\u00e9 l'Internet des objets (IdO) comme un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me au sein duquel les agents de l'IA peuvent trouver et utiliser des capteurs et des actionneurs et ainsi devenir pleinement op\u00e9rationnels et prosp\u00e9rer. Ainsi, nous avons d'abord expliqu\u00e9 ce qu'est l'IdO et pourquoi il s'agit d'un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me favorable aux agents AI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Ensuite, nous avons commenc\u00e9 l'\u00e9tude de cas sur l'\"agriculture intelligente\", c'est-\u00e0-dire l'Internet de l'alimentation. Nous avons expliqu\u00e9 ce qu'est l'agriculture intelligente et comment elle constitue une r\u00e9ponse aux d\u00e9fis de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire actuelle et future. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Maintenant, avec la deuxi\u00e8me partie de l'article, nous examinons comment les entreprises, des g\u00e9ants aux start-ups et aux projets, y compris l'agriculture urbaine intelligente<\/strong> et une br\u00e8ve premi\u00e8re \u00e9valuation de L'agriculture intelligente de la Chine<\/strong>, ins\u00e9rer des agents AI dans le monde r\u00e9el. Nous soulignons notamment \"John Deere FarmForward 2.0 - R\u00e9volutionner l'agriculture, une plante \u00e0 la fois\", qui va bien au-del\u00e0 de ce que les acteurs g\u00e9ants habituels du monde num\u00e9rique, tels que le GAFAM am\u00e9ricain, promeuvent.
          <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          La vid\u00e9o de John Deere et d'autres initiatives nous aident \u00e0 imaginer \u00e0 quoi ressemblera l'agriculture intelligente. Leur effort pour cr\u00e9er non seulement des capteurs, mais aussi des actionneurs est crucial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Enfin, nous abordons les impacts et les cons\u00e9quences de l'agriculture intelligente. Nous constatons tout d'abord que, compte tenu du stade de d\u00e9veloppement de l'IA, les acteurs qui sont actuellement cruciaux pour voir une mise en \u0153uvre plus pouss\u00e9e de l'IA ne sont pas les g\u00e9ants du num\u00e9rique, mais ceux qui proposent une v\u00e9ritable op\u00e9rationnalisation de l'IA dans le monde physique. Nous soulignons ensuite la mani\u00e8re dont les nouveaux adeptes de l donn\u00e9es<\/strong> et donc li\u00e9s connaissances<\/strong> pourrait avoir un impact sur la le pouvoir des acteurs traditionnels<\/strong>. Troisi\u00e8mement, nous examinons les les nouveaux besoins de l'agriculture en mati\u00e8re de s\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/strong>y compris dans le contexte du changement climatique, et comment cela pourrait ont un impact croissant sur les relations internationales et la g\u00e9opolitique<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Acteurs du monde de l'entreprise - La route au-del\u00e0 des capteurs et de la seule sortie num\u00e9rique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          Les g\u00e9ants du monde num\u00e9rique et les tr\u00e8s grandes entreprises<\/h4>\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Il s'agit d'un article de qualit\u00e9. Pour acc\u00e9der \u00e0 cet article, vous devez devenir l'un de nos membres<\/a>. Se connecter<\/a> si vous \u00eates membre. Une version pdf de l'article est disponible pour les membres.

          PLEIN ARTICLE 6353 MOTS - pdf 23 pages - plus bibliographie<\/p>\n\n\n

          \n\n\n\n\n\n\n

          \n\n\n\n

          Image : viya0414<\/a> via Pixabay, domaine public.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n\n\n\n

          Bibliographie et r\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

          American Institute of Physics, \"Contr\u00f4le autonome des mauvaises herbes par des robots intelligents<\/a>\u201c, Codex de la science<\/em>Le 27 mars 2019. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          BBC News<\/em>, \u201cLe changement climatique : L'impact mondial s'acc\u00e9l\u00e8re - OMM<\/a>\", 29 mars 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          CESE Comit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique et social europ\u00e9en, \u201c<\/a>Internet des objets - Un plan d'action pour l'Europe<\/a>\u201c,<\/a> COM(2009) 278 final ; JO C 255 du 22.09.2010, p. 116-120.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Le programme de recherche et d'innovation Horizon 2020 de l'Union europ\u00e9enne, Internet de l'alimentation et de l'agriculture 2020 (IoF2020)<\/a>, <\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Fourtan\u00e9, Susan, \"L'IdO et l'agriculture intelligente construisent aujourd'hui nos villes de demain<\/a>\u201c, Ing\u00e9nierie int\u00e9ressante<\/em>Le 7 octobre 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Frites, Lorin, \"Interview<\/a> de Tony Franklin, directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral pour l'Internet des objets chez Intel Corporation\", Forbes<\/em>le 23 janvier 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Gagliordi, Natalie, \"Comment les tracteurs automoteurs, l'agriculture biologique et l'agriculture de pr\u00e9cision nous sauveront de la crise alimentaire imminente<\/a>\u201c, TechRepublic<\/em>Le 12 d\u00e9cembre 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Graham, Luke, \"L'ONU porte la population mondiale \u00e0 9,8 milliards de personnes d'ici 2050 en raison de la croissance rapide de l'Afrique<\/a>\u201c, CNBC<\/em>le 22 juin 2017<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          IEEE - Institut des ing\u00e9nieurs en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 et en \u00e9lectronique - Projet Norme pour un cadre architectural pour l'Internet des objets (IoT)<\/a>Shenzhen, Chine, janvier 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Rec. de l'UIT-T Y.2060 (06\/2012) Aper\u00e7u de l'Internet des choses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Lavoix, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne, Les chroniques de Everstate<\/a>, <\/em>notamment \"Un m\u00e9contentement croissant<\/a>\"et \"Recherche de s\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/a>\u201d The Red Team Analysis Society<\/em>, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Lavoix, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne, \"Comment analyser les menaces futures pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 (3) : Sc\u00e9narios en tant que syst\u00e8me vivant organique<\/a>\u201c, The Red Team Analysis Society<\/em>le 16 d\u00e9cembre 2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Lavoix, H\u00e9l\u00e8ne, \"Intelligence artificielle, puissance de calcul et g\u00e9opolitique - 2<\/a>\u201c,The Red Team Analysis Society<\/em>Le 25 juin 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Magrassi, P. et Berg, T (12 ao\u00fbt 2002). \"Un monde d'objets intelligents<\/a>. Rapport de recherche Gartner R-17-2243<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Mello Ulisses, et Sriram Raghavan, \"Apporter le pouvoir de Watson aux agriculteurs<\/a>\u201c, Blog IBM<\/em>Le 24 septembre 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          McLellan, Charles, \"L'agriculture intelligente : comment l'IdO, la robotique et l'IA s'attaquent \u00e0 l'un des plus grands probl\u00e8mes du si\u00e8cle<\/a>\u201c, TechRepublic<\/em>Le 12 d\u00e9cembre 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          MunichRe, \"La cyber-assurance agricole de HSB prot\u00e8ge la ferme moderne<\/a>\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Nafeez, Ahmed, \"Le d\u00e9clin dramatique de l'agriculture industrielle pourrait annoncer le \"pic alimentaire\".<\/a>\u201c, The Guardian<\/em>Le 19 d\u00e9cembre 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Nakashima, Ellen, \"L'agence d'espionnage britannique livre une \u00e9valuation cinglante des risques de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 pos\u00e9s par Huawei aux r\u00e9seaux de t\u00e9l\u00e9communications britanniques<\/a>\u201c,Le Washington Post<\/em>Le 28 mars 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Newell, Heather, Hendrik Viljoen, \"Analyse de la stabilit\u00e9 d'un film mince sur un cylindre rotatif \u00e0 faible d\u00e9bit d'air<\/a>\u201c, Physique des fluides<\/em>, 2019 ; 31 (3) : 034106 DOI : 10.1063\/1.5080443<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Sennaar, Kumba, \"L'IA dans l'agriculture - Applications actuelles et impact<\/a>\u201c, Emerj<\/em>Le 18 f\u00e9vrier 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Shubo Liu, Liqing Guo, Heather Webb, Xiao Yao, Xiao Chang. \u201cInternet des objets Syst\u00e8me de surveillance de l'\u00e9co-agriculture moderne bas\u00e9 sur l'informatique en nuage<\/a>\u201c. 2169-3536 (c) 2018 IEEE, DOI 10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2903720, IEEE Access.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Talbot, David, \"L'ONU pr\u00e9voit un nouveau boom d\u00e9mographique mondial<\/a>\u201c, Revue technologique du MIT<\/em>, 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Taylor, Charles, Alternative world scenarios for a new order of nations<\/em><\/a>, US Army War College, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          UK Cabinet Office and National security and intelligence, \"Conseil de surveillance du centre d'\u00e9valuation de la cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9 de Huawei : rapport annuel 2019<\/a>\u201c. 28 mars 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Programme am\u00e9ricain d'\u00e9change analytique public-priv\u00e9 2018, Menaces pour l'agriculture de pr\u00e9cision<\/em><\/a>, octobre 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Valantin, Jean-Michel, Incendie et temp\u00eate - Le changement climatique, un risque \"invisible\" pour l'\u00e9conomie am\u00e9ricaine - Etat des lieux<\/a>, The Red Team Analysis Society<\/em>Le 22 octobre 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Walter, Achim, Robert Finger, Robert Huber et Nina Buchmann. \u201cOpinion : L'agriculture intelligente est la cl\u00e9 du d\u00e9veloppement d'une agriculture durable<\/a>\", PNAS, 13 juin 2017 114 (24) 6148 6150 ; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1707462114<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          L'un des axes actuels concernant l'intelligence artificielle porte sur l'\u00e9thique. Par exemple, le 8 avril 2019, la Commission europ\u00e9enne a publi\u00e9 sa communication Building Trust in Human-Centric Artificial Intelligence. Google, malgr\u00e9 des revers, tente \u00e9galement de mettre en place un comit\u00e9 d'\u00e9thique de l'IA (Kelsey Piper, \"Exclusive : Google cancels AI ethics board in response to outcry \", Vox, 4 .... <\/p>\n

          Continuer la lecture \" \u2605 Capteur et actionneur pour l'IA (3) - L'intelligence artificielle, l'Internet des objets et l'avenir de l'agriculture : La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l'agriculture intelligente ? (2) \"<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21488,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2503,2568,2497,1335,1722,2502],"tags":[2720,1543,2177,1430,29,1789,85,156,2726,170,2723,1379,2719,2725,2708,2722,2727,2721,1941],"class_list":["post-21446","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-americas","category-artificial-intelligence","category-china","category-energy-security","category-environmental-geostrategy","category-europe","tag-actuator","tag-agriculture","tag-ai","tag-big-data","tag-communication","tag-featured","tag-food-security","tag-future","tag-gafam","tag-geopolitics","tag-internet-of-food","tag-internet-of-things","tag-iot","tag-precision-agriculture","tag-sensor","tag-smart-agriculture","tag-smart-agriculture-security","tag-smart-farming","tag-threats","entry"],"yoast_head":"\n★ Sensor and Actuator for AI (3) - Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things and the Future of Agriculture: Smart Agriculture Security? (2)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2019\/04\/08\/intelligence-artificielle-internet-des-objets-et-du-futur-de-lagriculture-smart-agriculture-security-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"★ Sensor and Actuator for AI (3) - Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things and the Future of Agriculture: Smart Agriculture Security? (2)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"One of the current focuses regarding Artificial Intelligence is on ethics. For example, on 8 April 2019 the European Commission published its Communication Building Trust in Human-Centric Artificial Intelligence. 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