{"id":29270,"date":"2021-06-14T10:21:47","date_gmt":"2021-06-14T08:21:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/?p=29270"},"modified":"2022-03-02T12:30:37","modified_gmt":"2022-03-02T11:30:37","slug":"technologies-cles-du-futur-2-evolution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2021\/06\/14\/the-key-technologies-of-the-future-2-evolution\/","title":{"rendered":"Les technologies cl\u00e9s du futur (2) - Evolution"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"min-height:297px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"has-background-dim-0 wp-block-cover__gradient-background has-background-dim\"><\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-29290\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920.jpg\" style=\"object-position:77% 9%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"77% 9%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-450x300.jpg 450w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-1412x941.jpg 1412w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-1568x1045.jpg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-1320x880.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-250x167.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-1038x692.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pour \u00eatre cl\u00e9s, les technologies doivent faciliter et am\u00e9liorer les actions humaines.<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__list alignright related wp-block-latest-posts is-layout-flow wp-block-latest-posts-is-layout-flow\"><li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/01\/19\/chronicles-hyperwar-ai-1-elon-mullahs-satellites\/\">Chroniques de l'hyperwar - AI : Elon, les mollahs et les satellites<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2025\/06\/30\/israel-iran-war-ai\/\">L'IA en guerre (5) - Isra\u00ebl, l'Iran et le nouveau mode de guerre (IA)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2025\/03\/24\/ai-at-war-us-china-drone-and-robot-race\/\">L'IA en guerre (4) : La course aux drones et aux robots entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et la Chine<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2025\/03\/14\/ai-weak-signals-trump-international-revolutionary\/\">Comment utiliser l'IA pour les signaux faibles - Trump, le r\u00e9volutionnaire international ?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2025\/02\/18\/deepseek-vs-stargate\/\">DeepSeek vs Stargate - L'offensive chinoise contre la domination am\u00e9ricaine en mati\u00e8re d'IA ?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2025\/01\/20\/trump-geopolitics-ai-power-president\/\">G\u00e9opolitique de Trump - 1 : Trump, le pr\u00e9sident du pouvoir de l'IA<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans la <a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2021\/06\/07\/technologies-cles-du-futur-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">premi\u00e8re partie<\/a> de cette s\u00e9rie, nous avons constat\u00e9 que se contenter de dresser des inventaires \u00e0 la Pr\u00e9vert des nouvelles technologies \u00e9tait insuffisant pour identifier les technologies cl\u00e9s de l'avenir. L'utilisation de classifications inad\u00e9quates aggrave la situation. Il nous faut davantage : un syst\u00e8me expliquant la logique qui sous-tend le succ\u00e8s des technologies. Nous avons donc d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 un mod\u00e8le sch\u00e9matique d\u00e9crivant les raisons de l'utilisation des technologies, au niveau individuel et collectif.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans ce deuxi\u00e8me article, nous appliquons progressivement notre mod\u00e8le sch\u00e9matique pour identifier plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment les technologies cl\u00e9s du futur. En utilisant la logique que nous avons mise en \u00e9vidence, nous commen\u00e7ons par faire le lien entre la technologie et les actions humaines mises en \u0153uvre pour r\u00e9pondre aux besoins des individus et de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9. Ensuite, nous v\u00e9rifions que notre mod\u00e8le nous permet effectivement de consid\u00e9rer l'\u00e9volution et les dynamiques, car celles-ci sont cruciales si l'on veut se projeter dans l'avenir. Cela nous donne les premi\u00e8res conditions ou r\u00e8gles que les technologies doivent remplir pour \u00eatre essentielles dans le futur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"min-height:179px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"has-background-dim-0 wp-block-cover__gradient-background has-background-dim\"><\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-29290\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920.jpg\" style=\"object-position:77% 9%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"77% 9%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-450x300.jpg 450w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-1412x941.jpg 1412w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-1568x1045.jpg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-1320x880.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-250x167.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-1038x692.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les technologies cl\u00e9s permettent les actions et leurs conditions<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.004.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1568\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.004-1568x882.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29321 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.004-1568x882.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.004-500x281.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.004-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.004-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.004-16x9.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.004-1320x743.jpeg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.004-250x141.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.004-1038x584.jpeg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.004.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour rappel, nous disposons d'un mod\u00e8le qui rend explicite la logique sous-tendant la raison pour laquelle nous avons besoin de technologies et les utilisons (cf. <a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2021\/06\/07\/technologies-cles-du-futur-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">partie 1<\/a> pour une explication).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Maintenant, nous examinons \u00e0 nouveau ce mod\u00e8le du point de vue des types de t\u00e2ches et d'actions que nous devons effectuer pour nous assurer que les besoins individuels et sociaux sont satisfaits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.005.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1568\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.005-1568x882.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29322 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.005-1568x882.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.005-500x281.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.005-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.005-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.005-16x9.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.005-1320x743.jpeg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.005-250x141.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.005-1038x584.jpeg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-18-to-24-new.005.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les besoins individuels et sociaux (\u00e0 gauche) sont satisfaits gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des \"t\u00e2ches et actions\" (la main du milieu) rendues possibles par des technologies qui permettront \u00e9galement de r\u00e9unir les conditions d'une action r\u00e9ussie.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les technologies cl\u00e9s sont donc ces technologies qui participent \u00e0 :<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__list alignright wp-block-latest-posts is-layout-flow wp-block-latest-posts-is-layout-flow\"><li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/07\/15\/mystery-bolivia-lithium-reserves\/\">L'\u00e9trange myst\u00e8re des r\u00e9serves de lithium de la Bolivie<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/03\/30\/watch-out-saudi-arabia-winner-iran-war\/\">VIGILANCE - La guerre en Iran, l'Arabie Saudite et les Houthis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/02\/09\/golden-dome-technological-frontier\/\">SIGNAL - Le d\u00f4me d'or, une nouvelle fronti\u00e8re technologique<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/02\/02\/threat-greenland-us-eu-trade-deal\/\">Impacts de la menace am\u00e9ricaine contre le Groenland : l'accord commercial entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et l'UE, le Parlement europ\u00e9en et l'avenir de l'Europe<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/01\/28\/signal-chronicles-iran-trump-china\/\">Signal - Mini-Chroniques (11) : L'Iran, Trump et la Chine<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/01\/21\/us-threat-greenland-when-watch\/\">La menace am\u00e9ricaine contre le Groenland : Quand aurions-nous d\u00fb commencer \u00e0 la surveiller ?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Faciliter trois types d'actions <ul><li>le mouvement, le transport de charges, ainsi que la force connexe ;<\/li><li>m\u00e9tiers de fabrication et les diff\u00e9rents types de mise en \u0153uvre, ainsi que la force connexe ;<\/li><li>toutes les t\u00e2ches li\u00e9es au calcul, \u00e0 la m\u00e9moire, \u00e0 la connaissance, \u00e0 la compr\u00e9hension, \u00e0 la transmission, etc.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Aider \u00e0 remplir les conditions de l'action<ul><li>\u00c9nergie : a <em>sine qua non<\/em> condition de l'action - et de la vie. En effet, sans \u00e9nergie, rien n'est possible, comme l'a montr\u00e9 Thomas Homer Dixon (<em>The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilization<\/em>, Random House Canada, 2006).<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>\"D\u00e9fense et attaque\" : par rapport \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie, les capacit\u00e9s de \"d\u00e9fense et d'attaque\" n'ont pas besoin d'\u00eatre toutes exerc\u00e9es en permanence. La volont\u00e9 de les exercer, cependant, doit \u00eatre permanente. C'est la conscience de l'existence d'une volont\u00e9 in\u00e9branlable d'exercer la d\u00e9fense et l'attaque qui rendra cet exercice discontinu et temporaire. <br>Un exemple de ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne est la dissuasion nucl\u00e9aire (par exemple, Alexey Arbatov, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie.ru\/2019\/03\/22\/nuclear-deterrence-guarantee-or-threat-to-strategic-stability-pub-78663\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nuclear Deterrence: A Guarantee or Threat to Strategic Stability?<\/a>\u201c, <em>Carnegie Moscow Centre<\/em>, 22 mars 2019). Un autre exemple est l'internalisation des normes et du syst\u00e8me moral connexe qui permet \u00e0 une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de fonctionner (par exemple, Boyd &amp; Richerson, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/238212623_Culture_and_the_Evolution_of_the_Human_Social_Instincts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Culture and the Evolution of the Human Social Instincts<\/a>\", dans <em>Roots of Human Sociality,<\/em> 2006). Un troisi\u00e8me exemple cl\u00e9 est le monopole l\u00e9gitime de la violence, lorsque les autorit\u00e9s rationnelles et la l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9 permettent que le monopole de la violence soit r\u00e9ellement utilis\u00e9 le moins possible (par exemple, Moore, <em>Injustice: The Social Basis of Obedience and Revolt<\/em>, 1978, 440-449)<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Les technologies qui permettent de r\u00e9aliser une ou plusieurs de ces actions et les conditions de ces actions deviennent \u00e9galement fondamentales pour r\u00e9pondre aux besoins individuels et sociaux. Par cons\u00e9quent, elles deviennent des technologies cl\u00e9s. <\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"min-height:179px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"has-background-dim-0 wp-block-cover__gradient-background has-background-dim\"><\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-29290\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920.jpg\" style=\"object-position:77% 9%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"77% 9%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-450x300.jpg 450w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-1412x941.jpg 1412w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-1568x1045.jpg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-1320x880.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-250x167.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/hydroponics-4447707_1920-1038x692.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les technologies cl\u00e9s \u00e9voluent avec le temps : Vers une phylog\u00e9nie des technologies ?<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examinons maintenant ces technologies habilitantes d'un point de vue dynamique.  Notre mod\u00e8le sch\u00e9matique permet-il une \u00e9volution dans le temps ? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce que nous cherchons \u00e0 \u00e9tablir ici, ce sont les relations \u00e9volutives entre la satisfaction des besoins individuels et sociaux et les actions facilit\u00e9es par les technologies. Ainsi, en empruntant aux sciences naturelles, o\u00f9 la <em>Phylog\u00e9nie<\/em>&nbsp;est la science\/\u00e9tude des relations \u00e9volutives entre les organismes, nous posons les premi\u00e8res pierres d'une phylog\u00e9nie des technologies (\"<a href=\"https:\/\/bio.libretexts.org\/@go\/page\/2624\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Taxonomy and Phylogeny<\/a>,\u201d Biology Library, <a href=\"https:\/\/libretexts.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Projet LibreTexts<\/a>, 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gisaid.org\/phylodynamics\/global\/nextstrain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1568\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slide-phylogeny.001-1568x882.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29423 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slide-phylogeny.001-1568x882.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slide-phylogeny.001-500x281.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slide-phylogeny.001-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slide-phylogeny.001-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slide-phylogeny.001-16x9.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slide-phylogeny.001-1320x743.jpeg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slide-phylogeny.001-250x141.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slide-phylogeny.001-1038x584.jpeg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slide-phylogeny.001.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exemple d'une phylog\u00e9nie, ici pour le SARS-CoV2 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gisaid.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">GISAID<\/a>). Cette approche pourrait \u00eatre adapt\u00e9e pour suivre l'\u00e9volution des technologies et d\u00e9tecter les futures technologies cl\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans cet article, \u00e0 titre de test et de premiers pas, nous resterons \u00e0 un niveau sch\u00e9matique, car notre objectif est de cr\u00e9er un mod\u00e8le-cadre qui pourra ensuite \u00eatre appliqu\u00e9 \u00e0 des technologies sp\u00e9cifiques. Il est \u00e9vident qu'une phylog\u00e9nie d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e devrait d\u00e9tailler pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment l'\u00e9volution historique de chacune des technologies habilitantes que nous utilisons comme exemples ci-dessous. Pour l'instant, une esquisse, m\u00eame imparfaite, est suffisante pour notre objectif. Ce que nous voulons, c'est tester la logique qui sous-tend le mod\u00e8le.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Des technologies en \u00e9volution qui permettent de cr\u00e9er les conditions de l'action<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technologies li\u00e9es \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.001.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1568\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.001-1568x882.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29411 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.001-1568x882.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.001-500x281.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.001-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.001-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.001-16x9.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.001-1320x743.jpeg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.001-250x141.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.001-1038x584.jpeg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.001.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les technologies li\u00e9es \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie ont \u00e9volu\u00e9 avec le temps. Nous avons d'abord connu une situation o\u00f9 aucune technologie ou presque n'\u00e9tait utilis\u00e9e, o\u00f9 le soleil (et probablement la foudre) ainsi que la chasse et la cueillette - la nourriture \u00e9tant l'\u00e9nergie fondamentale de l'\u00eatre humain comme le souligne Homer Dixon (Ibid.) - \u00e9taient la seule source d'\u00e9nergie. Nous sommes ensuite pass\u00e9s \u00e0 une \u00e9poque o\u00f9 la \"technologie\", alors plut\u00f4t primitive, a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00eatre impliqu\u00e9e dans la d\u00e9couverte du feu, et l'utilisation du vent et de l'eau. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En avan\u00e7ant dans le temps, nous avons eu les technologies incluses dans l'agriculture s\u00e9dentaire et celles qui ont permis ou facilit\u00e9 les d\u00e9couvertes li\u00e9es \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie, par exemple les technologies li\u00e9es \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie tir\u00e9e du bois, puis du charbon et du p\u00e9trole ou plus largement \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie extraite des combustibles fossiles. Puis les technologies ont particip\u00e9 \u00e0 l'agriculture intensive, \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie nucl\u00e9aire, \u00e0 la transformation en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9. Enfin, nous avons l'utilisation technologique sup\u00e9rieure ou plus complexe des forces naturelles comme l'hydro\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, les panneaux solaires, l'\u00e9olienne, l'agriculture de pr\u00e9cision, etc.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technologies li\u00e9es \u00e0 la d\u00e9fense et \u00e0 l'attaque<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.002.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1568\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.002-1568x882.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29412 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.002-1568x882.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.002-500x281.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.002-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.002-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.002-16x9.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.002-1320x743.jpeg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.002-250x141.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.002-1038x584.jpeg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.002.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les technologies de d\u00e9fense et d'attaque sont pass\u00e9es de l'absence d'armes, o\u00f9 seul le corps humain \u00e9tait utilis\u00e9, \u00e0 l'utilisation d'outils comme armes et de grottes comme habitations. Nous avons ensuite connu le d\u00e9veloppement du m\u00e9tal et des armes connexes, du tir \u00e0 l'arc, des armes de si\u00e8ge, des arbal\u00e8tes, alors que murs, camps, mottes castrales et forteresses, \u00e9taient progressivement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es, etc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nous e\u00fbmes ensuite les armes modernes, l'extension des th\u00e9\u00e2tres d'op\u00e9rations et les syst\u00e8mes de d\u00e9fense correspondants permis notamment par la poudre \u00e0 canon et le moteur \u00e0 vapeur. Les technologies permettant l'aviation furent ensuite ajout\u00e9es. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nous nous dirigeons maintenant vers des armes et une d\u00e9fense de haute technologie (par exemple, voir les articles relatifs \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 et \u00e0 la g\u00e9opolitique dans notre <a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/portail-pour-comprendre-intelligence-artificielle-et-avenir-monde-avec-ia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">section sur l'IA<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Des technologies \u00e9volutives au service de l'action<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technologies li\u00e9es au mouvement<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.003.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1568\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.003-1568x882.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29414 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.003-1568x882.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.003-500x281.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.003-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.003-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.003-16x9.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.003-1320x743.jpeg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.003-250x141.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.003-1038x584.jpeg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.003.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les technologies li\u00e9es au mouvement ont \u00e9volu\u00e9 de l'utilisation d'animaux jusqu'aux moyens de transport modernes tels que les voitures, les camions, les avions, les trains, les navires, les navettes spatiales, les \"unit\u00e9s\" nanotechnologiques, etc.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technologies li\u00e9es \u00e0 la manufacture et \u00e0 la mise en \u0153uvre<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.004.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1568\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.004-1568x882.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29415 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.004-1568x882.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.004-500x281.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.004-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.004-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.004-16x9.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.004-1320x743.jpeg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.004-250x141.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.004-1038x584.jpeg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.004.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les technologies li\u00e9es \u00e0 la manufacture, \u00e0 l'artisanat, permirent, par exemple, de passer du nouage de mat\u00e9riaux de base et de peaux puis de tissus, \u00e0 la coupe et \u00e0 la couture avec du fil et une aiguille, tandis que les m\u00e9tiers \u00e0 tisser devenaient de plus en plus m\u00e9canis\u00e9s. Maintenant nous voyons appara\u00eetre les tissus intelligents et les textiles <a href=\"https:\/\/ideas.ted.com\/a-peek-into-the-brave-new-world-of-programmable-materials\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">programmables<\/a> ainsi que la capacit\u00e9 de les fabriquer au mieux. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technologies li\u00e9es \u00e0 la cognition, \u00e0 la perception et \u00e0 la transmission<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.005.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1568\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.005-1568x882.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29413 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.005-1568x882.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.005-500x281.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.005-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.005-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.005-16x9.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.005-1320x743.jpeg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.005-250x141.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.005-1038x584.jpeg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-24-28-chapt-2.005.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les technologies li\u00e9es \u00e0 la cognition peuvent \u00e9galement \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme \u00e9voluant avec le temps. Par exemple, pour le calcul, nous sommes pass\u00e9s du boulier aux ordinateurs de plus en plus puissants, puis aux ordinateurs quantiques. Un exemple de ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne est aussi ici le d\u00e9veloppement de l'intelligence artificielle restreinte (voir <a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2017\/11\/27\/intelligence-artificielle-volont%c3%a9-pouvoir-g%c3%a9opolitique-pr%c3%a9sentation-ai-ouvert-acc%c3%a8s\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">L'intelligence artificielle au service de la g\u00e9opolitique - Pr\u00e9sentation de l'IA<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Compte tenu des connaissances et des recherches actuelles, nous devons ici nous pencher \u00e0 la fois sur la cognition et la perception (par exemple, voir l'article d' Alexandra Michel, bas\u00e9 en partie sur un symposium de science int\u00e9grative lors de la Convention internationale des sciences psychologiques 2019 (ICPS) \u00e0 Paris:<em> <\/em>Alexandra Michel, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologicalscience.org\/observer\/cognition-and-perception-is-there-really-a-distinction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cognition and Perception: Is There Really a Distinction?<\/a>\", Association for psychological science, 29 janvier 2020).  Nous nous sommes fait l'\u00e9cho de cette perspective lorsque nous avons soulign\u00e9 l'importance des capteurs pour l'IA, les actionneurs en ce qui concerne l'IA n'\u00e9tant rien d'autre que la possibilit\u00e9 de r\u00e9aliser actions et t\u00e2ches (voir notre article correspondant dans la <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/portail-pour-comprendre-intelligence-artificielle-et-avenir-monde-avec-ia\/\" target=\"_blank\">section sur les capteurs et actionneurs pour l'IA<\/a>, en commen\u00e7ant par <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2019\/01\/14\/ins%c3%a9rer-intelligence-artificielle-dans-la-r%c3%a9alit%c3%a9-pilotes-de-ai\/\" target=\"_blank\">Ins\u00e9rer l'intelligence artificielle dans la r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L'importance de la perception et des capteurs nous dit aussi quelque chose de plus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elle nous rappelle que <strong>l'utilisation \u00e9volutive des technologies a lieu dans le monde<\/strong>. La perception doit avoir quelque chose \u00e0 percevoir. Les capteurs doivent avoir quelque chose \u00e0 d\u00e9tecter. Pendant ce temps, les actions et les t\u00e2ches rendues possibles par les technologies agissent quelque part et sur quelque chose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ainsi, toutes ces technologies, que nous avons identifi\u00e9es comme cl\u00e9s, ne sont en fait que potentiellement cl\u00e9s dans le futur. Les conditions qui les ont d\u00e9fini comme cl\u00e9s sont n\u00e9cessaires, mais non suffisantes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Les technologies ne peuvent \u00eatre cl\u00e9s dans le futur (et le pr\u00e9sent d'ailleurs) que si elles fonctionnent, si elles remplissent leurs fonctions, dans un environnement donn\u00e9.<\/strong>C'est ce que nous allons voir dans la <a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2021\/06\/21\/technologies-intensement-cles-du-futur-3-environnements-extremes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">derni\u00e8re partie<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bibliographie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Images en vedette : Vaisseau spatial et plan\u00e8te par&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/fr\/users\/8385-8385\/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=1328858\">Reimund Bertrams<\/a>&nbsp;d'&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/fr\/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=1328858\">Pixabay<\/a>&nbsp; \/ Public domain ; ferme hydroponique par <a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/fr\/users\/iamareri-3446363\/\">iamareri<\/a> d'&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/fr\/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=1328858\">Pixabay<\/a>&nbsp; \/ Domaine public.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arbatov, Alexey, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/carnegie.ru\/2019\/03\/22\/nuclear-deterrence-guarantee-or-threat-to-strategic-stability-pub-78663\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nuclear Deterrence: A Guarantee or Threat to Strategic Stability?<\/a>\u201c, <em>Carnegie Moscow Centre<\/em>Le 22 mars 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Biblioth\u00e8que de Biologie, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/bio.libretexts.org\/@go\/page\/2624\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Taxonomy and Phylogeny<\/a>\u201d, <a href=\"https:\/\/libretexts.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Projet LibreTexts<\/a>, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Boyd, R. &amp; Richerson, Peter. (2006). Culture and the Evolution of the Human Social Instincts. Roots of Human Sociality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dixon, Thomas Homer, <em>The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilization<\/em>(Random House Canada, 2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">GISAID<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Michel, Alexandra, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologicalscience.org\/observer\/cognition-and-perception-is-there-really-a-distinction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cognition and Perception: Is There Really a Distinction?<\/a>\", Association for psychological science, 29 janvier 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Moore, B.,&nbsp;<em>Injustice: Social bases of Obedience and Revolt<\/em>(Londres : Macmillan, 1978).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dans la premi\u00e8re partie de cette s\u00e9rie, nous avons constat\u00e9 qu'il ne suffisait pas de dresser des listes de nouvelles technologies pour identifier les technologies cl\u00e9s de l'avenir. L'utilisation de classifications inad\u00e9quates aggravait la situation. Il nous fallait davantage : un syst\u00e8me expliquant la logique qui sous-tend le succ\u00e8s des technologies. Nous avons donc d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 un mod\u00e8le sch\u00e9matique d\u00e9crivant la ... <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2021\/06\/14\/the-key-technologies-of-the-future-2-evolution\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture <span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \" Les technologies cl\u00e9s de l'avenir (2) - L'\u00e9volution \"<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":29241,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2568,3236,1529,2860,2524,2707,2457],"tags":[60,1585,1978,1277,1789,1509,2610,2065,129,522],"class_list":["post-29270","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-artificial-intelligence","category-building-a-model","category-extreme-environments-security","category-featured","category-cybersecurity","category-quantum","category-geopolitics-uncertainty-and-business","tag-categories","tag-disruptive-technologies","tag-energy","tag-environmental-change","tag-featured","tag-methodology","tag-needs","tag-new-paradigm","tag-technology","tag-war","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Key Technologies of the Future (2) - Evolution &#8226; 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