{"id":29282,"date":"2021-06-21T12:33:17","date_gmt":"2021-06-21T10:33:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/?p=29282"},"modified":"2021-10-06T19:30:35","modified_gmt":"2021-10-06T17:30:35","slug":"technologies-intensement-cles-du-futur-3-environnements-extremes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2021\/06\/21\/the-ultimate-key-technologies-of-the-future-3-extreme-environments\/","title":{"rendered":"Les technologies intens\u00e9ment cl\u00e9s du futur (3) - Environnements extr\u00eames"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"min-height:268px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-29285\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit.jpg\" style=\"object-position:59% 24%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"59% 24%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-500x281.jpg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1568x882.jpg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-16x9.jpg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1320x743.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-250x141.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1038x584.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Permettre les actions humaines dans un environnement modifi\u00e9<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce troisi\u00e8me article est la derni\u00e8re partie de notre \"\u00e9quation\" visant \u00e0 identifier les technologies cl\u00e9s de l'avenir.<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__list alignright related wp-block-latest-posts is-layout-flow wp-block-latest-posts-is-layout-flow\"><li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/01\/19\/chronicles-hyperwar-ai-1-elon-mullahs-satellites\/\">Chroniques de l'hyperwar - AI : Elon, les mollahs et les satellites<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2025\/06\/30\/israel-iran-war-ai\/\">L'IA en guerre (5) - Isra\u00ebl, l'Iran et le nouveau mode de guerre (IA)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2025\/03\/24\/ai-at-war-us-china-drone-and-robot-race\/\">L'IA en guerre (4) : La course aux drones et aux robots entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et la Chine<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2025\/03\/14\/ai-weak-signals-trump-international-revolutionary\/\">Comment utiliser l'IA pour les signaux faibles - Trump, le r\u00e9volutionnaire international ?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2025\/02\/18\/deepseek-vs-stargate\/\">DeepSeek vs Stargate - L'offensive chinoise contre la domination am\u00e9ricaine en mati\u00e8re d'IA ?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2025\/01\/20\/trump-geopolitics-ai-power-president\/\">G\u00e9opolitique de Trump - 1 : Trump, le pr\u00e9sident du pouvoir de l'IA<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nous avons commenc\u00e9, avec le <a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2021\/06\/07\/technologies-cles-du-futur-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">premier article<\/a>, en \u00e9tablissant qu'il ne suffisait pas de dresser des listes de nouvelles technologies pour identifier les technologies cl\u00e9s de l'avenir. Il nous faut davantage : un syst\u00e8me expliquant la logique qui sous-tend le succ\u00e8s des technologies. Nous avons donc d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 un mod\u00e8le sch\u00e9matique d\u00e9crivant les raisons de l'utilisation des technologies, tant au niveau individuel que collectif.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ensuite, avec la <a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2021\/06\/14\/technologies-cles-du-futur-2-evolution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">deuxi\u00e8me partie<\/a>, nous avons trouv\u00e9 les conditions qui font que les technologies deviennent essentielles. Ainsi, les technologies qui contribuent \u00e0 permettre une ou plusieurs des actions n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la satisfaction des besoins individuels et sociaux, et les conditions de ces actions, deviennent cl\u00e9s. De plus, comme notre mod\u00e8le autorise une vision \u00e9volutive des technologies dans le temps, ce dernier est capable d'identifier les technologies cl\u00e9s du futur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nous devons maintenant nous pencher sur la mani\u00e8re dont ces futures technologies cl\u00e9s potentielles fonctionnent dans leur environnement. En effet, elles ne peuvent \u00eatre cl\u00e9s que si elles remplissent leur fonction ad\u00e9quatement dans un certain environnement. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nous soulignons donc, tout d'abord, les nombreuses fa\u00e7ons dont notre environnement se d\u00e9grade, conduisant de plus en plus souvent \u00e0 des environnements extr\u00eames. Qui plus est, cette d\u00e9gradation de nos \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes nous oblige \u00e9galement \u00e0 utiliser de plus en plus des milieux naturellement extr\u00eames. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nous nous concentrons ensuite sur la mani\u00e8re dont les technologies cl\u00e9s du futur devront \u00eatre r\u00e9silientes dans ces conditions extr\u00eames. Nous expliquons que les technologies cl\u00e9s devront permettre des actions dans ces environnements extr\u00eames, avec des exemples li\u00e9s aux grands fonds marins et au sous-sol profond. Nous explorons \u00e9galement les boucles de r\u00e9troaction possibles entre l'utilisation d'environnements extr\u00eames et l'alt\u00e9ration de l'environnement, en utilisant le cas des maladies et l'\u00e9mergence croissante d'environnements contamin\u00e9s. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Enfin, nous soulignons que certaines technologies ne seront pas seulement essentielles au futur mais aussi pour le futur, si elles peuvent att\u00e9nuer les dommages faits ou, mieux encore, gu\u00e9rir notre environnement alt\u00e9r\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"min-height:159px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-29285\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit.jpg\" style=\"object-position:59% 24%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"59% 24%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-500x281.jpg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1568x882.jpg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-16x9.jpg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1320x743.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-250x141.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1038x584.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Un environnement alt\u00e9r\u00e9<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notre environnement a chang\u00e9 par rapport au pass\u00e9. Ce sera encore plus le cas demain, si l'on consid\u00e8re les tendances lin\u00e9aires. Nos \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes vont changer d'une mani\u00e8re essentiellement n\u00e9gative ou mena\u00e7ante pour la survie des individus et des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s. Plusieurs forces destructrices sont \u00e0 l'\u0153uvre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Des forces d\u00e9favorables modifient notre environnement<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.001.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1568\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.001-1568x882.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29328 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.001-1568x882.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.001-500x281.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.001-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.001-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.001-16x9.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.001-1320x743.jpeg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.001-250x141.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.001-1038x584.jpeg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.001.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De nombreuses forces d\u00e9favorables, qui interagissent souvent par le biais de boucles de r\u00e9troaction positive, modifient notre environnement. Nous avons notamment :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Le changement climatique (C0<sub>2<\/sub> dans l'atmosph\u00e8re en particulier) ;<\/li><li>La surpopulation ;<\/li><li>La perte de la biodiversit\u00e9 ;<\/li><li>Les esp\u00e8ces envahissantes ;<\/li><li>L'augmentation des maladies, \u00e9pid\u00e9mies et pand\u00e9mies (d\u00e9coulant notamment des deux facteurs pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents) ;<\/li><li>Les accidents industriels, chimiques et nucl\u00e9aires ;<\/li><li>L'urbanisation ;<\/li><li>L'agriculture intensive ;<\/li><li>L'activit\u00e9 spatiale et les d\u00e9bris correspondants ;<\/li><li>Etc.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vers des environnements extr\u00eames<\/h4>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__list alignright wp-block-latest-posts is-layout-flow wp-block-latest-posts-is-layout-flow\"><li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/10\/16\/rtas-expertise-italian-television-channel-la7\/\">L'expertise de RTAS mise en avant sur la cha\u00eene de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision italienne LA7<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/10\/08\/houthis-bab-el-mandeb-maritime-transport\/\">Les Houthis, Bab el-Mandeb et le transport maritime<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/07\/15\/mystery-bolivia-lithium-reserves\/\">L'\u00e9trange myst\u00e8re des r\u00e9serves de lithium de la Bolivie<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/04\/09\/beyond-geopolitics-critical-pressures\/\">Au-del\u00e0 de la g\u00e9opolitique : Comprendre les pressions critiques qui remod\u00e8lent notre monde.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/03\/30\/watch-out-saudi-arabia-winner-iran-war\/\">VIGILANCE - La guerre en Iran, l'Arabie Saudite et les Houthis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L'environnement modifi\u00e9 dans lequel nous vivons, en tant qu'individus et soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, aura tendance \u00e0 devenir extr\u00eame. Cela se produira soit parce que les forces alt\u00e9rantes transforment l'environnement lui-m\u00eame, soit parce que le nouvel environnement alt\u00e9r\u00e9 nous pousse \u00e0 d\u00e9couvrir de nouveaux environnements qui \u00e9taient auparavant laiss\u00e9s de c\u00f4t\u00e9 parce qu'ils \u00e9taient hors de port\u00e9e ou difficiles, et parce que nous n'en avions pas besoin. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nous nous appuyons ici sur l'id\u00e9e originale d'\" environnements extr\u00eames \" d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par le Centre de d\u00e9veloppement, de concepts et de doctrine (DCDC) du minist\u00e8re de la D\u00e9fense britannique dans <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/33717\/GST4_v9_Feb10.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Global Strategic Trends \u2013 Out to 2040 (Tendances strat\u00e9giques mondiales - jusqu'en 2040)<\/a> (2010). Dans cet ouvrage, la rar\u00e9faction tr\u00e8s probable des ressources devait conduire \u00e0 un int\u00e9r\u00eat renforc\u00e9 pour ce que le DCDC a d\u00e9nommer les \"environnements extr\u00eames\" - c'est \u00e0 dire les grands fonds marins, l'espace, l'Arctique, l'Antarctique et le sous-sol profond - ainsi qu'\u00e0 leur exploitation. Le DCDC a ensuite abandonn\u00e9 cette id\u00e9e, malgr\u00e9 sa puissance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1568\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-48-a-50.001-1568x882.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29450 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-48-a-50.001-1568x882.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-48-a-50.001-500x281.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-48-a-50.001-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-48-a-50.001-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-48-a-50.001-16x9.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-48-a-50.001-1320x743.jpeg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-48-a-50.001-250x141.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-48-a-50.001-1038x584.jpeg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/slides-48-a-50.001.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nos futurs environnements extr\u00eames seront :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Le grand froid : L'Arctique et l'Antarctique notamment ;<\/li><li>Le tr\u00e8s chaud (avec une augmentation des temp\u00e9ratures en raison du changement climatique) et la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d'utiliser tous les espaces terrestres, comme les d\u00e9serts. Nous pouvons aussi envisager plus tard la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de devoir se d\u00e9placer vers des endroits tr\u00e8s chauds sur d'autres plan\u00e8tes ;<\/li><li>Les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques extr\u00eames qui affectent les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de fa\u00e7on relativement impr\u00e9visible ;<\/li><li>Les zones contamin\u00e9es : pand\u00e9mies, risques industriels, radiations ;<\/li><li>L'espace<\/li><li>Les grands fonds marins <\/li><li>Le sous-sol profond et l'activit\u00e9 souterraine<\/li><li>Les environnements num\u00e9riques et de plus en plus virtuels : ils sont extr\u00eames pour l'\u00eatre humain car de dernier doit s'y adapter extr\u00eamement vite - y compris physiologiquement - alors que ces environnements nous sont totalement \u00e9trangers.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:16px\">(Photo Pand\u00e9mie en Inde par <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/45909111@N00\/\">Gwydion M. Williams<\/a>, 2020_05_300100 - CC BY 2.0 ; Deep Earth : Professeur Dale Russell , \"L'avenir des villes\", <a href=\"http:\/\/www.apple.com\/uk\">Samsung KX50: The Future in Focus<\/a>, 29 ao\u00fbt 2019, autres images comme sur la diapositive et Public Domain)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"min-height:199px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-29285\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit.jpg\" style=\"object-position:59% 24%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"59% 24%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-500x281.jpg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1568x882.jpg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-16x9.jpg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1320x743.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-250x141.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1038x584.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les technologies cl\u00e9s du futur et les environnements extr\u00eames<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les technologies cl\u00e9s que nous avons identifi\u00e9es devront donc imp\u00e9rativement prendre en compte ces environnements extr\u00eames. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La r\u00e9silience extr\u00eame, une condition imp\u00e9rative pour les technologies cl\u00e9s du futur<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.001.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1568\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.001-1568x882.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29457 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.001-1568x882.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.001-500x281.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.001-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.001-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.001-16x9.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.001-1320x743.jpeg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.001-250x141.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.001-1038x584.jpeg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.001.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les technologies cl\u00e9s du futur devront imp\u00e9rativement fonctionner dans des environnements modifi\u00e9s, qui deviennent ou sont de plus en plus extr\u00eames.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quelle que soit l'importance d'une technologie et la fa\u00e7on dont elle pourrait contribuer \u00e0 satisfaire les besoins humains et sociaux, si cette technologie est fragile et ne peut pas faire face \u00e0 des environnements extr\u00eames, elle sera inutile. Elle ne sera donc pas une technologie cl\u00e9 de l'avenir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Par exemple, les \u00e9oliennes devront \u00eatre capables de r\u00e9sister \u00e0 des ouragans et \u00e0 des tornades de plus en plus puissants et fr\u00e9quents (par exemple, Office of Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/articles\/wind-turbines-extreme-weather-solutions-hurricane-resiliency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Wind Turbines in Extreme Weather: Solutions for Hurricane Resiliency<\/a>\", 23 janvier 2018). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les ordinateurs et, plus largement, tout ce qui est li\u00e9 au monde num\u00e9rique, y compris l'IA, devront fonctionner dans des conditions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques extr\u00eames et sous des temp\u00e9ratures extr\u00eames. Ils devront faire face \u00e0 d'\u00e9ventuelles perturbations ou \u00e0 des choix difficiles en termes d'\u00e9nergie. Par cons\u00e9quent, les technologies li\u00e9es \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie deviendront encore plus importantes. Par exemple, le mat\u00e9riel informatique photonique, comme les puces <a href=\"https:\/\/lighton.ai\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">LightOn<\/a> est un candidat s\u00e9rieux pour devenir une technologie cl\u00e9 de l'avenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ici, pour identifier pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment les technologies cl\u00e9s du futur, nous devrons ajouter \u00e0 notre mod\u00e8le sch\u00e9matique g\u00e9n\u00e9ral une cartographie analytique pr\u00e9cise pour chaque technologie (ou famille de technologies). Nous devrons nous assurer que toutes les forces et leurs interactions sont prises en compte (cf. <a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/produit\/cours-global-risque-analyse-modele-analytique-14\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Online course on analytical modeling - EN<\/a>). Il faudra \u00e9galement veiller \u00e0 ce que certaines vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s ne soient pas n\u00e9glig\u00e9es. Il sera crucial d'analyser ainsi chaque technologie avant de d\u00e9cider de leur utilisation, au cas o\u00f9 des investissements substantiels soient exig\u00e9s. Une telle analyse sera d'autant plus importante que le r\u00f4le pr\u00e9vu ou existant pour ladite technologie est crucial au sein de l'entreprise ou organisation. Imaginez que vous investissiez des millions, voire des milliards, dans l'int\u00e9gration d'un syst\u00e8me technologique, pour d\u00e9couvrir quelques mois ou ann\u00e9es plus tard que cette technologie, qui est d\u00e9sormais au c\u0153ur de votre syst\u00e8me, conna\u00eet des d\u00e9faillances r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9es ou pire encore. Cette situation est bien s\u00fbr encore plus grave pour les gouvernements et les organismes publics, ainsi que pour les infrastructures de gouvernance, car des pays entiers pourraient alors \u00eatre confront\u00e9s \u00e0 d'immenses perturbations, avec des effets n\u00e9gatifs en cascade. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Si vous investissez dans le d\u00e9veloppement de nouvelles technologies, que ce soit par le biais d'un portefeuille sur les march\u00e9s ou directement en tant qu'entreprise ou agent de l'\u00c9tat en soutenant telle ou telle industrie, telle ou telle utilisation, alors vous devrez, de m\u00eame, v\u00e9rifier l'\"extr\u00eame r\u00e9silience\" des technologies que vous soutenez. Imaginez ce qui pourrait arriver si vous faisiez un mauvais choix. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, une <strong><em>sine qua non<\/em> condition sine qua non<\/strong> pour qu'une technologie soit <strong>cl\u00e9 dans le futur <\/strong>est qu'elle ait comme caract\u00e9ristique une <strong>r\u00e9silience extr\u00eame<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les technologies cl\u00e9s du futur devront nous aider \u00e0 acc\u00e9der et \u00e0 fonctionner dans des environnements extr\u00eames<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.002.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1568\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.002-1568x882.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29458 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.002-1568x882.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.002-500x281.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.002-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.002-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.002-16x9.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.002-1320x743.jpeg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.002-250x141.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.002-1038x584.jpeg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/futur-tech-RTAS-article.002.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les technologies cl\u00e9s de l'avenir devront nous aider \u00e0 acc\u00e9der et \u00e0 fonctionner dans des environnements extr\u00eames.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les environnements extr\u00eames sont, par d\u00e9finition, les environnements qui ne sont pas favorables aux soci\u00e9t\u00e9s humaines. Par cons\u00e9quent, il est toujours difficile de survivre dans ces environnements et le plus souvent difficile d'y acc\u00e9der. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u00eame dans le cas des environnements num\u00e9riques et virtuels, il existe des impacts n\u00e9gatifs et jusqu'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent inconnus sur les \u00eatres humains (par exemple Matt Southern, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.searchenginejournal.com\/study-finds-4-negative-effects-of-too-much-video-conferencing\/397301\/#close\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Study Finds 4 Negative Effects of Too Much Video Conferencing<\/a>\u201c, <em>SEJ<\/em>, 27 f\u00e9vrier 2021 ; Cheryl Roy, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawtechnologytoday.org\/2021\/01\/what-are-the-harmful-effects-of-virtual-reality\/#:~:text=The%20Risks%20of%20Virtual%20Reality,ligaments%2C%20and%20even%20electric%20shocks.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">What are the harmful effects of virtual reality?<\/a>\u201c, <em>Law Technology today<\/em>, 21 janvier 2021 ; Lavoie, Main, King,&nbsp;<em>et al.<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00440-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Virtual experience, real consequences: the potential negative emotional consequences of virtual reality gameplay<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Virtual Reality<\/em>&nbsp;<strong>25,&nbsp;<\/strong>69-81, 2021, etc.). Parall\u00e8lement, il est impossible de ne vivre que par et \u00e0 travers la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 num\u00e9rique et virtuelle. Enfin, les innombrables entreprises qui s'occupent de cybers\u00e9curit\u00e9, ainsi que de la construction et du d\u00e9veloppement des environnements num\u00e9rique et virtuel, t\u00e9moignent de la difficult\u00e9 d'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 ce type de monde et de fonctionnement en son sein. <\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__list alignright related wp-block-latest-posts is-layout-flow wp-block-latest-posts-is-layout-flow\"><li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2021\/09\/15\/seas-maps-geostrategy\/\">Quand les mers et les cartes influencent la g\u00e9ostrat\u00e9gie et le futur<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2018\/05\/28\/signals-china-planetary-3d-strategy-deep-sea-resources-in-the-south-china-sea\/\">Les signaux : Strat\u00e9gie plan\u00e9taire 3D de la Chine, ressources des grands fonds dans le sud de la mer de Chine<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2018\/01\/05\/the-deep-sea-resources-sigils-brief\/\">Dossier sur les ressources des grands fonds marins<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2017\/03\/13\/militarizing-the-chinese-new-silk-road-part-1\/\">Militariser la nouvelle route de la soie chinoise (1\u00e8re partie)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2012\/06\/01\/the-deep-sea-resources-sigils\/\">Les sigles des ressources des grands fonds marins<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Des \u00e9tudes d\u00e9taill\u00e9es pour chaque environnement extr\u00eame seront n\u00e9cessaires pour d\u00e9terminer les conditions d'acc\u00e8s et d'exploitation. En attendant, et \u00e0 titre d'exemple, nous allons nous pencher ici sur des cas de nouvelles technologies qui nous aident \u00e0 acc\u00e9der aux \"mondes du dessous\", c'est-\u00e0-dire aux milieux des grands fonds marins et des sous-sol profonds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les grands fonds marins<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les grands fonds marins sont un environnement extr\u00eame qui devient de plus en plus crucial pour l'avenir (voir Helene Lavoix, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2018\/01\/05\/the-deep-sea-resources-sigils-brief\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Dossier sur les ressources des grands fonds marins<\/a>\u201c, <em>The Red Team Analysis Society<\/em>, mise \u00e0 jour janvier 2018, premi\u00e8re \u00e9dition 2012). Ils doivent \u00eatre compris notamment dans le contexte des besoins en ressources, dont l'\u00e9nergie, de la protection des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes fragiles. Qui plus est il faut prendre en compte, strat\u00e9giquement la r\u00e9vision des fronti\u00e8res r\u00e9elles des \u00c9tats. Notons que ce dernier \u00e9l\u00e9ment, pourtant fondamental, ne semble pas avoir d\u00e9j\u00e0 impr\u00e9gn\u00e9 la conscience mondiale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La Chine est tr\u00e8s avanc\u00e9e dans le d\u00e9veloppement et l'utilisation des technologies des grands fonds, comme le souligne Liu Feng, secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l'Association chinoise de recherche et de d\u00e9veloppement des ressources min\u00e9rales oc\u00e9aniques (COMRA) (Interview par Wang Yan, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/chinadialogueocean.net\/10891-china-deep-sea-exploration-comra\/\">China\u2019s deep-sea mining, a view from the top<\/a>\u201c, <em>China Dialogue<\/em>18 octobre 2019). Sur le plan strat\u00e9gique, elle s'implique \u00e9galement activement aupr\u00e8s des autorit\u00e9s internationales correspondantes. En octobre 2019, par exemple, la Beijing Pioneer Hi-Tech Development Corporation et l' <a href=\"https:\/\/www.isa.org.jm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">International Seabed Authority \/ Autorit\u00e9 internationale des fonds marins (ISA)<\/a> ont sign\u00e9 un contrat d'exploration des nodules polym\u00e9talliques dans l'oc\u00e9an Pacifique occidental (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.isa.org.jm\/node\/19337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Communiqu\u00e9 de presse de l'ISA<\/a>, 24 octobre 2019). Le 9 novembre 2020, l'ISA et la Chine ont lanc\u00e9 un centre commun de formation et de recherche (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.isa.org.jm\/training\/JTRC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Communiqu\u00e9 de presse de l'ISA<\/a>, 9 novembre 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.isa.org.jm\/news\/blue-minerals-jamaica-limited-and-isa-sign-exploration-contract-polymetallic-nodules-ccz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1568\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/deep-sea-slide.001-1568x882.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29487 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/deep-sea-slide.001-1568x882.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/deep-sea-slide.001-500x281.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/deep-sea-slide.001-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/deep-sea-slide.001-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/deep-sea-slide.001-16x9.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/deep-sea-slide.001-1320x743.jpeg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/deep-sea-slide.001-250x141.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/deep-sea-slide.001-1038x584.jpeg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/deep-sea-slide.001.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La Chine a le plus grand nombre de contrats d'exploration des fonds marins avec l'ISA (carte 22 avril 2021 ISA - cliquez sur l'image pour acc\u00e9der \u00e0 l'original sur le site web de l'ISA).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sur le plan technologique, la Chine a notamment mis au point un submersible sans \u00e9quipage, Qianlong 3, qui a effectu\u00e9 sa premi\u00e8re plong\u00e9e \u00e0 3500 m\u00e8tres de profondeur en avril 2018 (<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/content\/1098930.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Global Times<\/a><\/em>). Son submersible habit\u00e9 Fendouzhe a termin\u00e9 une mission en eaux profondes dans la fosse des Mariannes, dans le Pacifique, et a atteint une profondeur de plus de 10 000 m\u00e8tres en novembre 2020. Il s'agit de la deuxi\u00e8me plong\u00e9e la plus profonde apr\u00e8s un record am\u00e9ricain \u00e9tabli en 2019 (\"<a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2020-11-chinese-submersible-earth-deepest-ocean.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">New Chinese submersible reaches Earth\u2019s deepest ocean trench<\/a>\u201c, <em>Phys.org<\/em>, novembre 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed alignwide is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QO8AlkKtpYk?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=fr-FR&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les sous-sols profonds et le monde du souterrain<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La DARPA a lanc\u00e9 un <a href=\"https:\/\/www.darpa.mil\/program\/darpa-subterranean-challenge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">D\u00e9fi Souterrain (Subterranean challenge)<\/a> en d\u00e9cembre 2017 pour \"d\u00e9velopper des technologies innovantes qui augmenteraient les op\u00e9rations sous terre\". Le programme devrait prendre fin en 2021. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed alignwide is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bP6wTWiokVY?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=fr-FR&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pendant ce temps, des futuristes, comme le professeur Dale Russell, imaginent une vie sous terre (\u201cThe Future of Cities\u201d dans <em>Samsung KX50: The Future in Focus<\/em>, 29 ao\u00fbt 2019). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Certaines technologies quantiques, par exemple les gravim\u00e8tres quantiques, pourraient devenir essentielles pour cartographier le monde souterrain (voir par exemple le Dr Nicole Metje et le Dr Michael Holynski, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.birmingham.ac.uk\/research\/perspective\/quantum-technology-underground.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How can Quantum Technology make the underground visible?<\/a>\" Universit\u00e9 de Birmingham, 2016 ; Geoff Zeiss, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/geospatial.blogs.com\/geospatial\/2021\/02\/applying-quantum-effects-to-detecting-underground-infrastructure.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Applying quantum effects to detecting underground infrastructure<\/a>\u201c, <em>Between the Poles<\/em>, 8 f\u00e9vrier 2021). Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 elles, les am\u00e9nagements souterrains sont et seront probablement plus faciles \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre, ce qui sera tr\u00e8s probablement cl\u00e9 \u00e0 mesure que les environnements terrestres profonds prendront de l'importance. L'observation de ces constructions sera \u00e9galement cruciale en termes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 (Ibid.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-heading\"><em>\u00c9nergie g\u00e9othermique<\/em><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L'\u00e9nergie g\u00e9othermique est \u00e9galement un exemple int\u00e9ressant d'utilisation des profondeurs de la terre (par exemple, John W. Lund, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/geothermal-energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u00c9nergie g\u00e9othermique<\/a>\u201c, <em>Encyclopedia Britannica<\/em>, 30 avril 2018 ; Julia Rosen, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/mg24032000-300-supercharged-geothermal-energy-could-power-the-planet\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Supercharged geothermal energy could power the planet<\/a>\u201c, <em>New Scientist<\/em>, 17 octobre 2018). Il s'agit d'une \u00e9nergie de l'environnement extr\u00eame souterrain. Bien qu'elle soit utilis\u00e9e depuis des mill\u00e9naires par le biais de ses sorties naturelles facilement accessibles comme les sources chaudes, les technologies permettant une utilisation plus syst\u00e9matique et plus profonde sont plus r\u00e9centes et \u00e9voluent au fur et \u00e0 mesure que profondeur et chaleur extr\u00eames peuvent \u00eatre atteintes et que leur canalisation devient possible. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ces technologies sont \u00e0 la fois essentielles en termes d'\u00e9nergie et en terme d'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 et d'utilisation des environnements extr\u00eames. Elles pourraient \u00e9galement avoir de graves impacts d\u00e9l\u00e9t\u00e8res, participant ainsi, \u00e0 leur tour, \u00e0 l'alt\u00e9ration de l'environnement. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L'\u00e9nergie g\u00e9othermique pourrait \u00e9galement changer la donne pour certains pays, comme en t\u00e9moignent les efforts du Salvador pour coupler l'\u00e9nergie g\u00e9othermique de ses volcans et le bitcoin, ce dernier syst\u00e8me ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 jusqu'ici peu respectueux de l'environnement. En outre, ici, la coordination sociale, par le biais des autorit\u00e9s politiques via la monnaie, est \u00e9galement impact\u00e9e (<em>Reuters<\/em>, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/el-savador-exploring-volcanic-bitcoin-mining-bukele-says-2021-06-09\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Does money grow on volcanoes? El Salvador explores bitcoin mining<\/a>\", 10 juin 2021). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les technologies li\u00e9es \u00e0 l'\u00e9nergie g\u00e9othermique font donc tr\u00e8s probablement partie des technologies cl\u00e9s de l'avenir. Elles doivent pour le moins faire l'objet d'une veille active.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-heading\"><em>L'\u00e9mergence extr\u00eame des maladies : des sous-sols profonds aux environnements contamin\u00e9s<\/em><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L'utilisation des environnements terrestres profonds peut \u00e9galement avoir des cons\u00e9quences inattendues et involontaires. L'utilisation d'un environnement extr\u00eame a le potentiel de cr\u00e9er une boucle de r\u00e9troaction croissante avec d'autres environnements extr\u00eames. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examinons un cas qui peut nous aider \u00e0 commencer \u00e0 comprendre ce qui pourrait se passer. M\u00eame si la mine de Mojiang \u00e0 Kunming, en Chine, est une mine de cuivre abandonn\u00e9e et ne fait donc probablement pas partie de ce que nous appellerions l'environnement terrestre profond, nous pouvons n\u00e9anmoins utiliser cet exemple pour imaginer les impacts possibles des activit\u00e9s terrestres profondes - et moins profondes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c0 la suite de la maladie et du d\u00e9c\u00e8s de mineurs travaillant dans la mine abandonn\u00e9e en 2012, un nouveau virus venant des rongeurs - virus henipa-like - a \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9 dans la mine, tandis que 293 coronavirus ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9chantillonn\u00e9s dans et autour de la mine, parmi lesquels \"huit sont des coronavirus de type \"SRAS\"\" (Zhiqiang Wu et al., \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4036791\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Novel Henipa-like Virus, Mojiang Paramyxovirus, in Rats<\/a>\", China, 2012, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4036791\/#\"><em>Emerg Infect Dis<\/em>.<\/a>&nbsp;2014 Jun ; 20(6) : 1064-1066 ; David Stanway, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/healthcare-pharmaceuticals\/chinas-mojiang-mine-its-role-origins-covid-19-2021-06-09\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Explainer: China\u2019s Mojiang mine and its role in the origins of COVID-19<\/a>\u201c, <em>Reuters<\/em>, 9 juin 2021). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Si de nouveaux virus et de nouveaux h\u00f4tes possibles apparaissent, de nouvelles maladies potentiellement pand\u00e9miques pourraient suivre. Le cas de la mine de Mojiang pourrait donc \u00eatre un exemple de la mani\u00e8re dont de nouvelles \u00e9pid\u00e9mies pourraient \u00e9merger des interactions entre les \u00eatres humains et des environnements jusqu'ici vierges. Ainsi, l'environnement extr\u00eame li\u00e9 \u00e0 la contamination pourrait \u00eatre activ\u00e9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Si nous suivons ce raisonnement et l'appliquons \u00e0 l'ann\u00e9e 2021, la question cl\u00e9 n'est pas de savoir si la Chine est coupable ou non d'\u00eatre \u00e0 l'origine de la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19, laquelle pourrait avoir pour origine la mine de Mojiang. La v\u00e9ritable question cruciale pour l'avenir est de savoir combien de nouvelles activit\u00e9s humaines dans des environnements extr\u00eames, rendues possibles par la technologie, pourraient d\u00e9clencher des pand\u00e9mies et comment att\u00e9nuer ce risque. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tous les lieux entourant des environnements extr\u00eames (\u00e0 savoir les grands fonds marins, le sous-sol profonds et le monde du souterrain, le grand froid et le grand chaud, l'espace - pouvant provenir d'autres plan\u00e8tes - le virtuel - par extension les \"cybervirus\") devraient \u00eatre \u00e9troitement surveill\u00e9s pour d\u00e9tecter l'apparition de ces nouveaux virus et autres organismes susceptibles de provoquer une contamination. Les bact\u00e9ries et les virus qui \u00e9mergent de la fonte du permafrost sont un autre exemple de cette menace possible (voir par exemple Jasmin Fox-Skelly, \"<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/earth\/story\/20170504-there-are-diseases-hidden-in-ice-and-they-are-waking-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Long-dormant bacteria and viruses, trapped in ice and permafrost for centuries, are reviving as Earth\u2019s climate warms<\/a>\u201c, <em>BBC<\/em>, 4 mai 2017). Les technologies permettant de surveiller ces risques, et celles qui sont permettront d'acc\u00e9der aux environnements extr\u00eames sans d\u00e9clencher de contamination, deviendraient cl\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour r\u00e9sumer, <strong>ces technologies, suffisamment r\u00e9silientes pour fonctionner dans des conditions extr\u00eames, qui nous permettent d'acc\u00e9der \u00e0 des environnements extr\u00eames et de rendre ces derniers habitables et exploitables par les \u00eatres humains et les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, seront tr\u00e8s probablement essentielles dans le futur.<\/strong>. <strong>Entre-temps, de nouvelles alt\u00e9rations possibles de notre environnement pourraient appara\u00eetre, entra\u00eenant des boucles de r\u00e9troactions croissantes et d\u00e9l\u00e9t\u00e8res.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cette \u00e9ventualit\u00e9 f\u00e2cheuse met \u00e0 son tour en \u00e9vidence un nouveau besoin auquel la technologie devra r\u00e9pondre, comme nous allons le voir maintenant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull\" style=\"min-height:199px;aspect-ratio:unset;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-29285\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit.jpg\" style=\"object-position:59% 24%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"59% 24%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-500x281.jpg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1568x882.jpg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-16x9.jpg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1320x743.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-250x141.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Geostationary_orbit-1038x584.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les technologies intens\u00e9ment cl\u00e9s pour l'avenir <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Compte tenu de notre environnement modifi\u00e9, nous pouvons envisager deux autres fonctions que la technologie pourrait jouer et qui en feraient des \u00e9l\u00e9ments cl\u00e9s, voire vitaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1568\" height=\"882\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.004-1568x882.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29331 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.004-1568x882.jpeg 1568w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.004-500x281.jpeg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.004-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.004-1536x864.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.004-16x9.jpeg 16w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.004-1320x743.jpeg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.004-250x141.jpeg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.004-1038x584.jpeg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/slides-41-to-44.004.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1568px) 100vw, 1568px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les technologies pourraient <strong>att\u00e9nuer<\/strong> les alt\u00e9rations et les impacts n\u00e9gatifs sur l'environnement, g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9s par l'activit\u00e9 humaine - et naturelle - ant\u00e9rieure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">De mani\u00e8re encore plus positive, nous pouvons imaginer des technologies qui pourraient <strong>r\u00e9parer les dommages caus\u00e9s et soigner l'environnement<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ces technologies de r\u00e9paration et de gu\u00e9rison sont plus que n\u00e9cessaires. Nous pouvons les consid\u00e9rer non seulement comme des technologies cl\u00e9s de l'avenir, mais aussi comme des technologies ultimes pour notre avenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, les technologies cl\u00e9s du futur sont celles qui contribuent \u00e0 satisfaire une ou plusieurs des actions et conditions essentielles \u00e0 la satisfaction des besoins individuels et sociaux en constante \u00e9volution. Ces technologies peuvent notamment contribuer \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre aux besoins en mati\u00e8re d'\u00e9nergie, de d\u00e9fense et d'attaque. Elles peuvent \u00e9galement intervenir dans trois types d'actions et de t\u00e2ches : le mouvement et le transport de charges, l'artisanat et les diff\u00e9rents types de mise en \u0153uvre, et enfin toutes les t\u00e2ches li\u00e9es au calcul, \u00e0 la m\u00e9moire, \u00e0 la connaissance, \u00e0 la compr\u00e9hension et \u00e0 la transmission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour \u00eatre v\u00e9ritablement essentielles dans le futur, et pas seulement potentiellement, ces technologies devront \u00eatre suffisamment r\u00e9silientes pour fonctionner dans un monde de plus en plus alt\u00e9r\u00e9 et notamment dans des environnements extr\u00eames. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En outre, les technologies qui permettront d'acc\u00e9der \u00e0 ces environnements extr\u00eames et d'y mener des actions humaines seront \u00e9galement essentielles dans le futur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Enfin, les technologies qui permettront d'att\u00e9nuer les dommages ant\u00e9rieurs caus\u00e9s \u00e0 notre environnement, au sens large du terme, ou m\u00eame de soigner cet environnement, seront non seulement essentielles dans le futur, mais aussi essentielles pour le futur.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bibliographie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DARPA, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.darpa.mil\/program\/darpa-subterranean-challenge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">D\u00e9fi Souterrain (Subterranean challenge)<\/a>, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.isa.org.jm\/node\/19337\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Communiqu\u00e9 de presse de l'ISA<\/a>Le 24 octobre 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.isa.org.jm\/training\/JTRC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Communiqu\u00e9 de presse de l'ISA<\/a>Le 9 novembre 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lavoie, Main, King,&nbsp;<em>et al.<\/em>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10055-020-00440-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Virtual experience, real consequences: the potential negative emotional consequences of virtual reality gameplay<\/a>.&nbsp;<em>Virtual Reality<\/em>&nbsp;<strong>25,&nbsp;<\/strong>69-81, 2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lund, John W.. \"\u00c9nergie g\u00e9othermique\". Encyclop\u00e9die Britannica, 30 avril 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Metje Nicole, et Michael Holynski, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.birmingham.ac.uk\/research\/perspective\/quantum-technology-underground.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How can Quantum Technology make the underground visible?<\/a>\" Universit\u00e9 de Birmingham, 2016 ; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Phys.org<\/em>, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2020-11-chinese-submersible-earth-deepest-ocean.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">New Chinese submersible reaches Earth\u2019s deepest ocean trench<\/a>\", novembre 2020<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roy, Cheryl, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawtechnologytoday.org\/2021\/01\/what-are-the-harmful-effects-of-virtual-reality\/#:~:text=The%20Risks%20of%20Virtual%20Reality,ligaments%2C%20and%20even%20electric%20shocks.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">What are the harmful effects of virtual reality?<\/a>\u201c, <em>Law Technology today<\/em>, 21 janvier 2021 ; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Russell, Dale, \"L'avenir des villes\" dans <em>Samsung KX50: The Future in Focus<\/em>Le 29 ao\u00fbt 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Southern, Matt, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.searchenginejournal.com\/study-finds-4-negative-effects-of-too-much-video-conferencing\/397301\/#close\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Study Finds 4 Negative Effects of Too Much Video Conferencing<\/a>\u201c, <em>SEJ<\/em>, 27 f\u00e9vrier 2021 ; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stanway, David, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/healthcare-pharmaceuticals\/chinas-mojiang-mine-its-role-origins-covid-19-2021-06-09\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Explainer: China\u2019s Mojiang mine and its role in the origins of COVID-19<\/a>\u201c, <em>Reuters<\/em>, 9 juin 2021.WuWu<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wu, Zhiqiang et al, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4036791\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Novel Henipa-like Virus, Mojiang Paramyxovirus, in Rats<\/a>\", China, 2012, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4036791\/#\"><em>Emerg Infect Dis<\/em>.<\/a>&nbsp;2014 Jun ; 20(6) : 1064-1066 . <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yan, Wang, Interview \"<a href=\"https:\/\/chinadialogueocean.net\/10891-china-deep-sea-exploration-comra\/\">China\u2019s deep-sea mining, a view from the top<\/a>\u201c, <em>China Dialogue<\/em>Le 18 octobre 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zeiss, Geoff, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/geospatial.blogs.com\/geospatial\/2021\/02\/applying-quantum-effects-to-detecting-underground-infrastructure.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Applying quantum effects to detecting underground infrastructure<\/a>\u201c, <em>Between the Poles<\/em>, 8 f\u00e9vrier 2021.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ce troisi\u00e8me article est le dernier volet de notre \"\u00e9quation\" visant \u00e0 identifier les technologies cl\u00e9s de l'avenir. Nous avons commenc\u00e9, avec le premier article, \u00e0 \u00e9tablir qu'il ne suffisait pas de dresser des listes de nouvelles technologies pour identifier les technologies cl\u00e9s de l'avenir. Nous avions besoin de plus : un syst\u00e8me expliquant la logique derri\u00e8re le succ\u00e8s ... <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2021\/06\/21\/the-ultimate-key-technologies-of-the-future-3-extreme-environments\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture <span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \" Les technologies cl\u00e9s ultimes du futur (3) - Environnements extr\u00eames \"<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":29241,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2568,3236,2497,1529,2860,2524,2707,2457],"tags":[60,1585,1978,1277,1789,1509,2610,2065,129,522],"class_list":["post-29282","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-artificial-intelligence","category-building-a-model","category-china","category-extreme-environments-security","category-featured","category-cybersecurity","category-quantum","category-geopolitics-uncertainty-and-business","tag-categories","tag-disruptive-technologies","tag-energy","tag-environmental-change","tag-featured","tag-methodology","tag-needs","tag-new-paradigm","tag-technology","tag-war","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Ultimate Key Technologies of the Future (3) - Extreme Environments &#8226; 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She has been a lecturer (Master level) and taught the methodology and practice of strategic foresight and early warning in prestigious institutions such as the RSIS in Singapore, SciencesPo-PSIA in France, the Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure des Forces de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Int\u00e9rieure in Tunisia and the ENA Tunis, Institute of Leadership. She regularly publishes on geopolitical issues, supply and uranium security, artificial intelligence, the international order, China\u2019s rise and other international security topics. 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