{"id":40590,"date":"2024-12-16T07:45:55","date_gmt":"2024-12-16T06:45:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/?p=40590"},"modified":"2024-12-16T14:33:20","modified_gmt":"2024-12-16T13:33:20","slug":"la-nouvelle-course-a-lespace-1-les-brics-et-lexploitation-miniere-de-lespace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2024\/12\/16\/the-new-space-race-1-the-brics-and-space-mining\/","title":{"rendered":"La nouvelle course \u00e0 l'espace (1) - Les BRICS et l'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La Russie, l'Inde, le Japon, la Chine, les \u00c9mirats arabes unis, les \u00c9tats-Unis, l'Agence spatiale europ\u00e9enne, etc. envoient tous des robots sur la Lune ou sur Mars. Le 26 septembre 2022, la NASA am\u00e9ricaine a projet\u00e9 volontairement un vaisseau spatial sur l'ast\u00e9ro\u00efde Dimorphos. La pr\u00e9cision et la force de l'impact ont \u00e9t\u00e9 telles qu'elles ont ouvert un crat\u00e8re au milieu de l'ast\u00e9ro\u00efde, tout en modifiant sa trajectoire (Keith Cooper, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.space.com\/nasa-dart-asteroid-mission-dimorphos-shape-change\">La mission DART de la NASA a donn\u00e9 une nouvelle forme \u00e0 l'ast\u00e9ro\u00efde Dimorphos. Voici comment<\/a>\u201c, <em>Espace.com<\/em>21 mars 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ces pays et organisations internationales d\u00e9veloppent tous des moyens d'intervenir mat\u00e9riellement sur les corps spatiaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ressources, ressources<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En s'appuyant sur les travaux d'H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Lavoix&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2013\/02\/18\/exploitation-de-ressources-de-lespace-un-connu-inconnu-pour-la-s%c3%a9curit%c3%a9\/\">article fondateur<\/a>qui a identifi\u00e9 le probl\u00e8me en premier, l'exploitation des terres rares ou des min\u00e9raux communs est essentielle \u00e0 tous les aspects de la civilisation contemporaine (H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Lavoix, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2013\/02\/18\/exploitation-de-ressources-de-lespace-un-connu-inconnu-pour-la-s%c3%a9curit%c3%a9\/\">Au-del\u00e0 de la peur des objets g\u00e9ocroiseurs : Exploiter les ressources de l'espace ?<\/a>\u201c, <em>The Red Team Analysis Society<\/em>(18 f\u00e9vrier 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/KHcE1rsj51U?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=fr-FR&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En effet, ces min\u00e9raux sont essentiels \u00e0 la base mat\u00e9rielle de la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondiale actuelle, y compris la renaissance nucl\u00e9aire qui y est li\u00e9e, au d\u00e9veloppement exponentiel de l'IA et de sa militarisation et de l'\u00e9conomie num\u00e9rique, au d\u00e9veloppement de la vie urbaine, et au d\u00e9veloppement rapide des pays asiatiques (\" \".<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions\/executive-summary\">R\u00c9SUM\u00c9 - Dans le cadre de la transition vers l'\u00e9nergie propre, les min\u00e9raux critiques posent de nouveaux d\u00e9fis \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique<\/a>\u201c, <em>Agence internationale de l'\u00e9nergie \/ AIE<\/em>mars 2022).<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__list alignright wp-block-latest-posts is-layout-flow wp-block-latest-posts-is-layout-flow\"><li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Broadcast-Map-of-Yemen-in-Studio-250x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:63px;max-height:38px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Broadcast-Map-of-Yemen-in-Studio-250x150.png 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Broadcast-Map-of-Yemen-in-Studio-18x10.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw \/ 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw \/ 12)), 100vw\" \/><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/10\/16\/rtas-expertise-italian-television-channel-la7\/\">L'expertise de RTAS mise en avant sur la cha\u00eene de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision italienne LA7<\/a><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Houthis-Mandeb-250x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"Image en vedette de l&#039;article &quot; Les Houthis, Bab el-Mandeb et le transport maritime &quot; du Dr H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Lavoix pour RTAS - Photo de Jean-Dominique Lavoix-Carli\" style=\"max-width:63px;max-height:38px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Houthis-Mandeb-250x150.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Houthis-Mandeb-500x300.jpg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Houthis-Mandeb-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Houthis-Mandeb-1536x922.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Houthis-Mandeb-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Houthis-Mandeb-1320x792.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Houthis-Mandeb-1038x623.jpg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Houthis-Mandeb.jpg 1568w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw \/ 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw \/ 12)), 100vw\" \/><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/10\/08\/houthis-bab-el-mandeb-maritime-transport\/\">Les Houthis, Bab el-Mandeb et le transport maritime<\/a><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/RTAS-Lithium-Article-250x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:63px;max-height:38px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/RTAS-Lithium-Article-250x150.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/RTAS-Lithium-Article-500x300.jpg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/RTAS-Lithium-Article-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/RTAS-Lithium-Article-1536x922.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/RTAS-Lithium-Article-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/RTAS-Lithium-Article-1320x792.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/RTAS-Lithium-Article-1038x623.jpg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/RTAS-Lithium-Article.jpg 1568w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw \/ 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw \/ 12)), 100vw\" \/><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/07\/15\/mystery-bolivia-lithium-reserves\/\">L'\u00e9trange myst\u00e8re des r\u00e9serves de lithium de la Bolivie<\/a><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/RTAS-Toynbee-Challenges-Pressures-1568-x-941-250x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:63px;max-height:38px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/RTAS-Toynbee-Challenges-Pressures-1568-x-941-250x150.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/RTAS-Toynbee-Challenges-Pressures-1568-x-941-500x300.jpg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/RTAS-Toynbee-Challenges-Pressures-1568-x-941-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/RTAS-Toynbee-Challenges-Pressures-1568-x-941-1536x922.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/RTAS-Toynbee-Challenges-Pressures-1568-x-941-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/RTAS-Toynbee-Challenges-Pressures-1568-x-941-1320x792.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/RTAS-Toynbee-Challenges-Pressures-1568-x-941-1038x623.jpg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/RTAS-Toynbee-Challenges-Pressures-1568-x-941.jpg 1568w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw \/ 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw \/ 12)), 100vw\" \/><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/04\/09\/beyond-geopolitics-critical-pressures\/\">Au-del\u00e0 de la g\u00e9opolitique : Comprendre les pressions critiques qui remod\u00e8lent notre monde.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/RTAS-watch-saudi-250x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:63px;max-height:38px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/RTAS-watch-saudi-250x150.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/RTAS-watch-saudi-500x300.jpg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/RTAS-watch-saudi-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/RTAS-watch-saudi-1536x922.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/RTAS-watch-saudi-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/RTAS-watch-saudi-1320x792.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/RTAS-watch-saudi-1038x623.jpg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/RTAS-watch-saudi.jpg 1568w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw \/ 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw \/ 12)), 100vw\" \/><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/03\/30\/watch-out-saudi-arabia-winner-iran-war\/\">VIGILANCE - La guerre en Iran, l'Arabie Saudite et les Houthis<\/a><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-250x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"Illustration de Jean-Dominique Lavoix-Carli\" style=\"max-width:63px;max-height:38px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-250x150.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-500x300.jpg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-1536x922.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-1320x792.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-1038x623.jpg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole.jpg 1568w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw \/ 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw \/ 12)), 100vw\" \/><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/02\/12\/chronicles-hyperwar-ai-new-energy-frontier-1\/\">Chroniques de l'hyperwar - AI : L'IA, nouvelle fronti\u00e8re \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique (1)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-golden-dome-250x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:63px;max-height:38px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-golden-dome-250x150.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-golden-dome-500x300.jpg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-golden-dome-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-golden-dome-1536x922.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-golden-dome-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-golden-dome-1320x792.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-golden-dome-1038x623.jpg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-golden-dome.jpg 1568w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw \/ 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw \/ 12)), 100vw\" \/><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/02\/09\/golden-dome-technological-frontier\/\">SIGNAL - Le d\u00f4me d'or, une nouvelle fronti\u00e8re technologique<\/a><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-wo-yemen-250x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"Illustration de Jean-Dominique Lavoix-Carli\" style=\"max-width:63px;max-height:38px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-wo-yemen-250x150.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-wo-yemen-500x300.jpg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-wo-yemen-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-wo-yemen-1536x922.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-wo-yemen-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-wo-yemen-1320x792.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-wo-yemen-1038x623.jpg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-wo-yemen.jpg 1568w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw \/ 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw \/ 12)), 100vw\" \/><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/02\/06\/watch-out-yemen-saudi-arabia\/\">VIGILANCE - Y\u00e9men et Arabie Saoudite<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il n'est donc pas surprenant que les mines, les gisements de minerai et les perspectives g\u00e9ologiques soient, d'une mani\u00e8re ou d'une autre, de plus en plus importants dans les conflits, les guerres et les r\u00e9alignements g\u00e9opolitiques actuels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Par exemple, on peut noter que plusieurs pays africains, asiatiques et sud-am\u00e9ricains sont membres de la Belt&amp;Road chinoise, sachant que le but de cette grande strat\u00e9gie chinoise est d'amener des ressources en Chine (Jean-Michel Valantin, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2015\/07\/06\/chine-nouvelle-soie-route-puits-dhuile-lune-au-del%c3%a0\/\">La Chine et la nouvelle route de la soie : Des puits de p\u00e9trole \u00e0 la lune... et au-del\u00e0<\/a> \u201c,<em> Analyse de l'\u00e9quipe rouge,<\/em> 6 juillet 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Par exemple, le Niger adh\u00e8re \u00e0 l'initiative chinoise Belt &amp; Road et la Chine continue d'exploiter le gisement d'uranium Azelik-Abokurum dans le pays, tout en expulsant les forces militaires fran\u00e7aises sont expuls\u00e9es et les op\u00e9rations termin\u00e9es avec le nucl\u00e9aire fran\u00e7ais Orano et le canadien GoviEx (voir H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Lavoix,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2024\/06\/21\/niger-menace-nucleaire-france\/\">Niger : une nouvelle menace grave pour l'avenir de l'\u00e9nergie nucl\u00e9aire fran\u00e7aise ?<\/a>,&nbsp;<em>The Red Team Analysis Society<\/em>, 21 juin 24 ; <a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/produit\/geopolitique-mines-uranium-data-graphe\/\">Le monde de l'uranium 1<\/a> et <a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/produit\/geopolitique-mines-2-uranium-parts-data-graphe\/\">Le monde de l'uranium 2<\/a>RTI, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rfi.fr\/en\/africa\/20241113-niger-embraces-russia-for-uranium-production-leaving-france-out-in-the-cold\">Niger embraces Russia for uranium production leaving France out in the cold<\/a>\" 13 novembre 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace contre les \"limites de la croissance\"<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cependant, la pression sans cesse croissante sur les ressources g\u00e9ologiques place la dynamique actuelle du d\u00e9veloppement mondial sur une trajectoire de collision avec les \"limites g\u00e9ologiques \u00e0 la croissance\" (Gaya Herrington, \"<a href=\"http:\/\/chrome-extension\/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj\/https:\/mahb.stanford.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/yale-publication-1.pdf\">Mise \u00e0 jour de Limits to Growth, Comparaison du mod\u00e8le World 3 avec les donn\u00e9es empiriques<\/a>\u201c, <em>KPMG LLP<\/em>(Universit\u00e9 de Stanford, 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__list alignright related wp-block-latest-posts is-layout-flow wp-block-latest-posts-is-layout-flow\"><li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-250x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"Illustration de Jean-Dominique Lavoix-Carli\" style=\"max-width:63px;max-height:38px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-250x150.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-500x300.jpg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-1536x922.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-1320x792.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole-1038x623.jpg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RTAS-blackhole.jpg 1568w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw \/ 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw \/ 12)), 100vw\" \/><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2026\/02\/12\/chronicles-hyperwar-ai-new-energy-frontier-1\/\">Chroniques de l'hyperwar - AI : L'IA, nouvelle fronti\u00e8re \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique (1)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/RTAS-asteroid-BRICS-250x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:63px;max-height:38px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/RTAS-asteroid-BRICS-250x150.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/RTAS-asteroid-BRICS-500x300.jpg 500w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/RTAS-asteroid-BRICS-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/RTAS-asteroid-BRICS-1536x922.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/RTAS-asteroid-BRICS-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/RTAS-asteroid-BRICS-1320x792.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/RTAS-asteroid-BRICS-1038x623.jpg 1038w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/RTAS-asteroid-BRICS.jpg 1568w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw \/ 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw \/ 12)), 100vw\" \/><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2024\/12\/16\/the-new-space-race-1-the-brics-and-space-mining\/\">La nouvelle course \u00e0 l'espace (1) - Les BRICS et l'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace<\/a><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/14-2290-SpaceLaunchSystem-AfterLaunch-2014-1038-250x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:63px;max-height:38px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/14-2290-SpaceLaunchSystem-AfterLaunch-2014-1038-250x150.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/14-2290-SpaceLaunchSystem-AfterLaunch-2014-1038-16x9.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw \/ 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw \/ 12)), 100vw\" \/><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2018\/03\/19\/space-mining-artificial-intelligence-and-transition\/\">Exploitation spatiale, intelligence artificielle et transition ?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Soyuz_MS-01_docked_to_the_ISS-1038-250x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:63px;max-height:38px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Soyuz_MS-01_docked_to_the_ISS-1038-250x150.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Soyuz_MS-01_docked_to_the_ISS-1038-16x9.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw \/ 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw \/ 12)), 100vw\" \/><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2018\/01\/22\/chinese-russian-robot-space-strategic-cooperation-2-russia\/\">Le robot sino-russe et la coop\u00e9ration strat\u00e9gique spatiale (2) - Russie<\/a><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Change-3_lunar_landing_site-1038-250x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:63px;max-height:38px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Change-3_lunar_landing_site-1038-250x150.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Change-3_lunar_landing_site-1038-16x9.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw \/ 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw \/ 12)), 100vw\" \/><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2018\/01\/08\/chinese-russian-robot-space-strategic-cooperation-1\/\">Le robot sino-russe et la coop\u00e9ration strat\u00e9gique spatiale (1) - Chine<\/a><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Dubai_Police_Agusta_A-109K-2_in_flight_at_sunset-2014-250x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:63px;max-height:38px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Dubai_Police_Agusta_A-109K-2_in_flight_at_sunset-2014-250x150.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Dubai_Police_Agusta_A-109K-2_in_flight_at_sunset-2014-16x9.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw \/ 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw \/ 12)), 100vw\" \/><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2016\/07\/04\/united-arab-emirates-grand-strategy-energy-environmental-security\/\">La grande strat\u00e9gie des EAU pour l'avenir - de la Terre \u00e0 l'espace<\/a><\/li>\n<li><div class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__featured-image alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Long_March-2014-250x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" style=\"max-width:63px;max-height:38px;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Long_March-2014-250x150.jpg 250w, https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Long_March-2014-16x9.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 34.9rem) calc(100vw - 2rem), (max-width: 53rem) calc(8 * (100vw \/ 12)), (min-width: 53rem) calc(6 * (100vw \/ 12)), 100vw\" \/><\/div><a class=\"wp-block-latest-posts__post-title\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2015\/07\/06\/china-new-silk-road-oil-wells-moon-beyond\/\">La Chine et la nouvelle route de la soie : Des puits de p\u00e9trole \u00e0 la lune... et au-del\u00e0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans ce contexte d'\u00e9puisement progressif des ressources min\u00e9rales, les corps spatiaux sont de plus en plus attractifs, car ils sont riches de \"fortes concentrations de m\u00e9taux rares - platine et or pour l'\u00e9lectronique, nickel et cobalt pour la technologie des catalyseurs et des piles \u00e0 combustible, et bien s\u00fbr le fer\" (Bertrand Dano dans Robert C. Jones Jr, \".<a href=\"https:\/\/news.miami.edu\/stories\/2024\/10\/the-new-space-race-mining-for-minerals-on-asteroids.html\">La nouvelle course \u00e0 l'espace : l'extraction de min\u00e9raux sur les ast\u00e9ro\u00efdes<\/a>\u201c, <em>News@TheU<\/em>Universit\u00e9 de Miami, 10\/09\/2024)...<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Atteindre ces gisements, les exploiter et les ramener sur Terre n\u00e9cessite de renforcer la robotique, la technologie spatiale et les dimensions de l'intelligence artificielle (Jean-Michel Valantin, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2018\/03\/19\/mini%c3%a8re-spatiale-intelligence-artificielle-et-transition\/\">Exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace, intelligence artificielle et transition<\/a>\u201c, <em>The Red Team Analysis Society<\/em>(19 mars 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En effet, les atterrisseurs lunaires et ast\u00e9ro\u00efdes et les robots miniers devront \u00eatre fortement autonomes. La course \u00e0 l'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace comporte donc d'immenses d\u00e9fis technologiques et des obstacles financiers. Et pourtant, elle a lieu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Si nous adoptons un point de vue g\u00e9opolitique, il semble que la course \u00e0 l'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace se d\u00e9roule entre deux grands \"partenariats g\u00e9opolitiques\", \u00e0 savoir \"l'Occident\" d'une part et \"les BRICS\" d'autre part.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les premiers BRICS sont le groupe compos\u00e9 du Br\u00e9sil, de l'Inde, de la Russie, de la Chine et de l'Afrique du Sud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4ajsXjjSzN0?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=fr-FR&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En 2023, le groupe a int\u00e9gr\u00e9 l'\u00c9gypte, l'Iran, l'\u00c9thiopie et les \u00c9mirats arabes unis, tandis que l'Arabie saoudite envisage encore l'invitation (Fyodor Lukyanov et al., \" <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/councilofcouncils\/global-memos\/brics-summit-2024-expanding-alternative\">Sommet des BRICS 2024 : une alternative en expansion<\/a>\u201c, <em>Conseil des affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res et Conseil des conseils<\/em>, 7 Novembre, 2024). &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les membres des BRICS, ainsi que les \u00c9tats-Unis et l'Union europ\u00e9enne, d\u00e9veloppent des projets et des strat\u00e9gies d'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace. Ainsi, cette course projette les comp\u00e9titions strat\u00e9giques actuelles entre les pays occidentaux et les pays du BRICS dans l'espace extra-atmosph\u00e9rique. Par cons\u00e9quent, la course \u00e0 l'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace devient la \"poursuite de la g\u00e9opolitique par des moyens spatiaux\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nous allons \u00e9tudier quels sont les pays BRICS qui se lancent dans la course \u00e0 l'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace. Nous verrons ensuite comment cette course est intimement li\u00e9e au d\u00e9veloppement de l'intelligence artificielle. Enfin, nous soulignerons que cette course est aussi une course g\u00e9opolitique, et donc une pr\u00e9paration potentielle \u00e0 des r\u00e9alignements (pas si) futurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace BRICS<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Emmenez-moi sur la Lune !<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En 2023, l'atterrisseur lunaire indien Chandraayan 3 s'est pos\u00e9 pr\u00e8s du p\u00f4le sud de la Lune (Geeta Pandey, \"Chandrayaan-3 : India makes historic landing near Moon's south pole\", <em>BBC<\/em>23 ao\u00fbt 2023). En 2024, l'Agence spatiale chinoise a fait atterrir un nouveau rover lunaire, \u00e9galement sur le p\u00f4le sud de la Lune (Ben Turner, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/space\/space-exploration\/china-rover-returns-historic-samples-from-far-side-of-the-moon-and-they-may-contain-secrets-to-earths-deep-past\">Un rover chinois rapporte des \u00e9chantillons historiques de la face cach\u00e9e de la Lune, qui pourraient contenir des secrets du pass\u00e9 profond de la Terre<\/a>\u201c, <em>Live Science<\/em>25 juin 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En 2023, la mission russe a \u00e9chou\u00e9 au dernier moment. Cependant, la Russie renouvellera son lancement dans les mois \u00e0 venir ( Guy Faulconbridge, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/aerospace-defense\/russias-moon-mission-falters-after-problem-entering-pre-landing-orbit-2023-08-20\/\">La premi\u00e8re mission lunaire russe depuis 47 ans s'\u00e9crase sur la Lune en vain<\/a>\u201c, <em>Reuters<\/em>21 ao\u00fbt 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le p\u00f4le sud de la Lune attire cette nouvelle vague d'exploration robotique parce qu'il pourrait contenir de l'eau dans les crat\u00e8res. Cette r\u00e9gion lunaire est fortement expos\u00e9e au soleil. Les robots lunaires peuvent donc utiliser \u00e0 la fois l'\u00e9nergie solaire et l'eau pour construire des bases permanentes (Guy Faulconridge, \"Explainer : Moon mining - Why major powers are eyeing a lunar gold rush ?\", <em>Reuters<\/em>Le 11 ao\u00fbt 2023. Ces atterrisseurs et robots b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient des progr\u00e8s exponentiels de l'apprentissage automatique de l'IA (Ayaan Naha, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/ayaannaha.medium.com\/pioneering-the-future-of-rovers-with-machine-learning-903dc0866d3c\">Comment les rovers utilisent-ils l'apprentissage automatique pour naviguer sur Mars et la Lune ?<\/a>\u201c,<em> Moyen<\/em>12 octobre 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00catre ou ne pas \u00eatre sur Mars<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deux rovers et un h\u00e9licopt\u00e8re robotis\u00e9 am\u00e9ricains, un rover des \u00c9mirats arabes unis et un rover chinois explorent d\u00e9j\u00e0 la surface de Mars. La Russie, l'Inde, l'Union europ\u00e9enne et les \u00c9tats-Unis pr\u00e9parent de nouvelles missions martiennes. Si les \u00c9tats-Unis et l'Union europ\u00e9enne ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 lanc\u00e9 des \u00eatres humains dans l'espace et sur la Lune, certains des BRICS - la Russie, la Chine et les \u00c9mirats arabes unis - sont \u00e9galement des pays spatiaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wSxacSDK4Rc?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=fr-FR&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La Chine a m\u00eame construit sa propre station spatiale, tandis qu'elle multiplie les partenariats spatiaux avec la Russie et a envoy\u00e9 des robots sur la Lune. La Russie est un pays historique dans le domaine spatial et relance son programme d'alunissage (Jean-Michel Valantin, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2018\/01\/08\/chinois-russe-robot-espace-strategie-cooperation-1\/\">Le robot Chine-Russie et la coop\u00e9ration spatiale<\/a> - <a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2018\/01\/08\/chinois-russe-robot-espace-strategie-cooperation-1\/\">Chine (1)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2018\/01\/22\/chinois-russe-robot-espace-strategie-cooperation-2-russie\/\">Russie (2)<\/a>, <em>The Red Team Analysis Society<\/em>, 22 janvier 2018 et \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/space\/race-moon-resources-has-begun-says-russias-space-chief-after-failed-lunar-2023-08-21\/#:~:text=MOSCOW%252C%2520Aug%252021%2520(Reuters),agency%2520Roskosmos%2520said%2520on%2520Monday.\">La course aux ressources lunaires a commenc\u00e9, d\u00e9clare le chef des services spatiaux russes apr\u00e8s l'\u00e9chec de la mission lunaire<\/a>\u201c, <em>Reuters<\/em>ao\u00fbt 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La Russie va sur la Lune<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Certains membres \u00e9minents des BRICS, comme la Russie, expriment ouvertement leurs intentions et leurs objectifs en mati\u00e8re d'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace. Apr\u00e8s l'\u00e9chec de l'alunissage d'un vaisseau spatial russe en ao\u00fbt 2023, Boris Yusimov, chef de Roskosmos, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\" Il ne s'agit pas seulement du prestige du pays et de la r\u00e9alisation de certains objectifs g\u00e9opolitiques. Il s'agit d'assurer des capacit\u00e9s d\u00e9fensives et de parvenir \u00e0 une souverainet\u00e9 technologique... Aujourd'hui, cela a \u00e9galement une valeur pratique car, bien s\u00fbr, la course au d\u00e9veloppement des ressources naturelles de la Lune a commenc\u00e9. Et dans le futur, la Lune deviendra une plateforme pour l'exploration de l'espace lointain, une plateforme id\u00e9ale. \" (\"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/space\/race-moon-resources-has-begun-says-russias-space-chief-after-failed-lunar-2023-08-21\/#:~:text=MOSCOW%252C%2520Aug%252021%2520(Reuters),agency%2520Roskosmos%2520said%2520on%2520Monday.\">La course aux ressources lunaires a commenc\u00e9, d\u00e9clare le chef des services spatiaux russes apr\u00e8s l'\u00e9chec de la mission lunaire<\/a>\u201c, <em>Reuters<\/em>ao\u00fbt 2023).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La Chine sur la Lune<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La Chine, l'autre principal moteur des BRICS avec la Russie, \u00e9labore \u00e9galement des plans d'exploitation de la Lune et des ast\u00e9ro\u00efdes. En effet, en 2023, le gouvernement chinois a soumis une proposition au groupe de travail de l'ONU sur les utilisations pacifiques de l'espace extra-atmosph\u00e9rique. Le document chinois vise \u00e0 \u00e9tablir la l\u00e9galit\u00e9 de l'exploitation des ressources spatiales, en respectant le cadre du Trait\u00e9 sur l'espace extra-atmosph\u00e9rique de 1967. Ainsi, la Chine propose d'exploiter les ressources spatiales sans annexions nationales de la Lune ou d'autres corps c\u00e9lestes (Andrew Jones, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/china-outlines-position-on-use-of-space-resources\">La Chine d\u00e9finit sa position sur l'utilisation des ressources spatiales<\/a>\u201c, <em>Nouvelles de l'espace<\/em>6 mars 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En mai 2024, l'agence spatiale chinoise a lanc\u00e9 la mission Chang'e 6. \u00c0 cette occasion, un rover lunaire a pr\u00e9lev\u00e9 des \u00e9chantillons de la surface de la Lune. Ceux-ci ont \u00e9t\u00e9 ramen\u00e9s sur Terre le 25 juin 2024. Cette mission pr\u00e9c\u00e8de les missions Chang'e 7 et 8 qui devraient avoir lieu respectivement en 2026 et 2028. Ces missions exploreront la disponibilit\u00e9 des ressources lunaires ainsi que le p\u00f4le sud de la Lune (Andrew Jones, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/chinas-change-7-moon-mission-to-target-shackleton-crater\/\">La mission chinoise Chang'e 7 s'attaque au crat\u00e8re Shackleton<\/a>\u201d, <em>Nouvelles de l'espace<\/em>30 janvier 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ils contribueront \u00e0 \u00e9tablir les conditions technologiques d'une base lunaire permanente, robotis\u00e9e et habit\u00e9e, vers 2030, la station internationale de recherche lunaire (International Lunar Research Station, ILRS). Ce projet implique d\u00e9j\u00e0 la Russie, ainsi que de nombreux autres pays. Parmi eux, le Venezuela, le Belarus, le Pakistan, l'Azerba\u00efdjan, l'Afrique du Sud, l'\u00c9gypte, le Nicaragua, la Tha\u00eflande, la Serbie et le Kazakhstan. La Turquie est candidate. Il est int\u00e9ressant de noter que tous ces pays font partie de l'initiative chinoise Belt &amp; Road.  En septembre 2021, la France, l'Italie, les Pays-Bas et l'Allemagne discutaient \u00e9galement d'une \u00e9ventuelle participation (<a href=\"https:\/\/tass.com\/science\/1343047\">https:\/\/tass.com\/science\/1343047<\/a> et Andrew Jones, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/china-wants-50-countries-involved-in-its-ilrs-moon-base\/\">La Chine souhaite que 50 pays participent \u00e0 la construction de sa base lunaire ILRS<\/a>\u201d, <em>Nouvelles de l'espace<\/em>, 23 juillet 2024, Aedan Yohannan, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/nationalinterest.org\/blog\/techland\/china%25E2%2580%2599s-space-strategy-dwarfs-us-ambitions-209959\">La strat\u00e9gie spatiale de la Chine \u00e9clipse les ambitions am\u00e9ricaines\".<\/a>, <em>L'int\u00e9r\u00eat national<\/em>, 11 mars 2024 et Jean-Michel Valantin, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2015\/07\/06\/chine-nouvelle-soie-route-puits-dhuile-lune-au-del%c3%a0\/\">La Chine et la nouvelle route de la soie : Des puits de p\u00e9trole \u00e0 la lune... et au-del\u00e0<\/a> \u201c,<em> Analyse de l'\u00e9quipe rouge,<\/em> 6 juillet 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L'axe principal de cette coop\u00e9ration est la construction de l'ILSR, officiellement annonc\u00e9e en 2021. Puis, en mars 2024, la partie russe a d\u00e9voil\u00e9 le projet de construction d'une centrale nucl\u00e9aire, afin de produire suffisamment d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 pour l'ILSR. Cette centrale nucl\u00e9aire devrait \u00eatre construite entre 2033 et 2035 ( Julianna Suess et Jack Crawford, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/rusi.org\/explore-our-research\/publications\/commentary\/russia-and-china-reaffirm-their-space-partnership\">La Russie et la Chine r\u00e9affirment leur partenariat spatial<\/a>\u201d, <em>RUSI<\/em>12 avril 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HGdVC2V_f3I?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=fr-FR&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce projet s'inscrit dans la densit\u00e9 des partenariats spatiaux et robotiques que la Russie et la Chine d\u00e9veloppent. Cette coop\u00e9ration s'approfondit depuis 2017 et la signature d'un accord mammouth en mati\u00e8re de coop\u00e9ration spatiale (Jean-Michel Valantin, \"The China-Russian Robot and space cooperation\", ibid ).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dans ses grandes lignes, cet accord \u00e9tablit que la Chine travaille \u00e0 la modernisation des lanceurs spatiaux et des engins spatiaux. De son c\u00f4t\u00e9, la Russie d\u00e9veloppe des robots capables d'intervenir dans des environnements extr\u00eames, comme l'espace extra-atmosph\u00e9rique. En l'occurrence, pour la Russie comme pour la Chine, le d\u00e9veloppement de robots et de sondes autonomes implique le d\u00e9veloppement de l'IA. En effet, cette technologie est d\u00e9terminante dans la production et l'utilisation des robots (Valantin, ibid).<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les EAU et les ast\u00e9ro\u00efdes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En attendant, les Emirats Arabes Unis pr\u00e9parent la Mission des Emirats vers les ast\u00e9ro\u00efdes de 2028. Les EAU sont une puissance spatiale (Jean-Michel Valantin, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2016\/07\/04\/%c3%a9mirats-unis-grand-strat%c3%a9gie-%c3%a9nergie-s%c3%a9curit%c3%a9-environnementale\/\">La grande strat\u00e9gie des \u00c9mirats arabes unis pour l'avenir - De la terre \u00e0 l'espace<\/a>\u201d, <em>The Red Team Analysis Society<\/em>(4 juillet 2016). Leur sonde robotique \"Hope\" explore Mars depuis 2021. L'objectif de cette mission est d'envoyer une sonde qui survolera six ast\u00e9ro\u00efdes en 2034. Elle continuera ensuite \u00e0 orbiter autour d'un septi\u00e8me ast\u00e9ro\u00efde. Ensuite, un robot est cens\u00e9 se poser sur cet ast\u00e9ro\u00efde (Jeff Foust, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/uae-outlines-plans-for-asteroid-mission\/\">Les \u00c9mirats arabes unis pr\u00e9sentent leurs plans pour une mission sur un ast\u00e9ro\u00efde<\/a>\u201c, <em>Nouvelles de l'espace<\/em>3 juin 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La partie scientifique de cette mission implique un partenariat avec le Laboratoire de physique atmosph\u00e9rique et spatiale de l'Universit\u00e9 de Boulder, Colorado (Foust, ibid). Ce partenariat peut \u00eatre interpr\u00e9t\u00e9 comme le fait que les EAU ont besoin d'acc\u00e9der \u00e0 certains niveaux de technologie et de capacit\u00e9s scientifiques qu'ils ne peuvent pas encore d\u00e9velopper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quels sont les enjeux ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;Il est donc important d'\u00e9tablir la complexit\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique des enjeux de l'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les principaux pays des BRICS dans le domaine de l'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace sont les \u00c9mirats arabes unis, la Russie et la Chine. Si l'Inde est aujourd'hui une nation spatiale, ses ambitions en mati\u00e8re d'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace ne sont pas encore \u00e9tablies \u00e0 ce jour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace et puissance nationale dans l'espace<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La R&amp;D et la projection de capacit\u00e9s d'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace sur la Lune et les ast\u00e9ro\u00efdes sont \u00e9galement un moyen de projeter la puissance nationale dans le syst\u00e8me solaire. Ainsi, l'espace lointain devient \u00e0 la fois l'extension et le soutien de la puissance nationale. Compte tenu du d\u00e9veloppement de l'IA et de l'industrialisation sur Terre, l'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace pourrait transformer le syst\u00e8me solaire en un immense syst\u00e8me de ressources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L'extraction de ces ressources sera possible gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 d'\u00e9normes investissements nationaux. En d'autres termes, les vaisseaux et robots miniers de l'espace vont litt\u00e9ralement \"nationaliser\" l'espace lointain et le convertir en sph\u00e8res d'influence. Toutefois, cette situation peut engendrer des divergences entre ces nouvelles pratiques spatiales et le trait\u00e9 de l'ONU sur l'espace extra-atmosph\u00e9rique de 1967. Les principes du trait\u00e9 \u00e9tablissent, entre autres, que \"l'exploration et l'utilisation de l'espace extra-atmosph\u00e9rique se feront au profit et dans l'int\u00e9r\u00eat de tous les pays et seront l'apanage de l'humanit\u00e9 tout enti\u00e8re\" ;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>l'espace extra-atmosph\u00e9rique est libre pour l'exploration et l'utilisation par tous les \u00c9tats ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>l'espace extra-atmosph\u00e9rique ne peut faire l'objet d'une appropriation nationale par revendication de souverainet\u00e9, par voie d'utilisation ou d'occupation, ou par tout autre moyen ;...\" (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unoosa.org\/oosa\/en\/ourwork\/spacelaw\/treaties\/introouterspacetreaty.html\">Nations unies, Bureau des affaires spatiales<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ainsi, l'appropriation des ressources diss\u00e9min\u00e9es dans le syst\u00e8me solaire par des entreprises spatiales publiques ou priv\u00e9es peut avoir des r\u00e9percussions juridiques et politiques. Ainsi, les int\u00e9r\u00eats nationaux qui animent la course \u00e0 l'exploitation mini\u00e8re risquent de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des tensions importantes avec et au sein du syst\u00e8me onusien au moment de sa \"spatialisation\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hyper dominance ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Enfin, l'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace pourrait devenir un moyen industriel d'exercer une domination \u00e0 partir d'une nouvelle d\u00e9finition d'un \"terrain tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9\". En effet, depuis 1945 et le d\u00e9but de la course aux missiles et \u00e0 l'acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l'espace, l'orbite terrestre et la Lune ont \u00e9t\u00e9 consid\u00e9r\u00e9es par les pays spatiaux comme le nouveau lieu de domination strat\u00e9gique (William Burrows,&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.penguinrandomhouse.com\/books\/21787\/this-new-ocean-by-william-e-burrows\/9780375754852\/\">Ce nouvel oc\u00e9an<\/a>, 1998). Ainsi, la pr\u00e9sence de flottilles d'engins spatiaux et de robots dans l'espace au cours de la prochaine d\u00e9cennie pourrait devenir une nouvelle course aux \u00e9l\u00e9ments bruts et \u00e0 la \"puissance brute\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Comme ce fut le cas, par exemple, avec les interactions entre les technologies des radars, des fus\u00e9es et des satellites, qui sont devenues des briques technologiques mutuelles de 1940 \u00e0 aujourd'hui, l'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace est en train de pr\u00e9parer rapidement le terrain pour la nouvelle \u00e9chelle de d\u00e9veloppement de la puissance spatiale. Cette nouvelle s\u00e9quence pourrait bien s'\u00e9tendre de la Terre \u00e0 la ceinture d'ast\u00e9ro\u00efdes ( Neil Sheehan, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.penguinrandomhouse.com\/books\/165415\/a-fiery-peace-in-a-cold-war-by-neil-sheehan\/\">Une paix ardente dans une guerre froide, Bernard Schriever et l'arme ultime<\/a>Random House, 2009).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il se trouve que l'\u00e9lan des BRICS vers l'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace est une course, car il s'agit \u00e9galement d'une comp\u00e9tition avec les pays occidentaux. Nous devons donc \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent examiner les enjeux g\u00e9opolitiques de l'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace dans les pays occidentaux.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La Russie, l'Inde, le Japon, la Chine, les \u00c9mirats arabes unis, les \u00c9tats-Unis, l'Agence spatiale europ\u00e9enne, etc. envoient tous des robots sur la Lune ou sur Mars. Le 26 septembre 2022, la NASA am\u00e9ricaine a projet\u00e9 volontairement un vaisseau spatial sur l'ast\u00e9ro\u00efde Dimorphos. La pr\u00e9cision et la force de l'impact ont \u00e9t\u00e9 telles qu'elles ont ouvert un crat\u00e8re dans ... <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2024\/12\/16\/the-new-space-race-1-the-brics-and-space-mining\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continuer la lecture <span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> \" La nouvelle course \u00e0 l'espace (1) - Les BRICS et l'exploitation mini\u00e8re de l'espace \"<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":40637,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2860,1519],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-40590","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured","category-space-resources","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The New Space Race (1) - The BRICS and Space Mining &#8226; The Red Team Analysis Society<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2024\/12\/16\/la-nouvelle-course-a-lespace-1-les-brics-et-lexploitation-miniere-de-lespace\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The New Space Race (1) - The BRICS and Space Mining &#8226; The Red Team Analysis Society\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Russia, India, Japan, China, the United Arab Emirates, the U.S., the European Space agency, etc. are all sending robots on the Moon or on Mars. On 26 September 2022, the U.S. NASA purposefully projected a spacecraft on asteroid Dimorphos. Such was the precision and the force of the impact that it opened a crater in &hellip; Continuer la lecture \u00ab\u00a0The New Space Race (1) &#8211; The BRICS and Space Mining\u00a0\u00bb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2024\/12\/16\/la-nouvelle-course-a-lespace-1-les-brics-et-lexploitation-miniere-de-lespace\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Red Team Analysis Society\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pages\/Red-Team-Analysis\/341280995886057\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-12-16T06:45:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-12-16T13:33:20+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/RTAS-asteroid-BRICS.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1568\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"941\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dr Jean-Michel Valantin (PhD Paris)\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@HLavoix\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@HLavoix\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dr Jean-Michel Valantin (PhD Paris)\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/16\\\/the-new-space-race-1-the-brics-and-space-mining\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/16\\\/the-new-space-race-1-the-brics-and-space-mining\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Dr Jean-Michel Valantin (PhD Paris)\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b840ac3537c3f891b6e61a6e559775fe\"},\"headline\":\"The New Space Race (1) &#8211; 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