{"id":14444,"date":"2017-03-20T09:50:29","date_gmt":"2017-03-20T08:50:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.redanalysis.org\/?p=14444"},"modified":"2021-10-08T16:00:46","modified_gmt":"2021-10-08T14:00:46","slug":"%e8%b0%83%e6%9f%a5%e6%b0%91%e7%b2%b9%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%e7%9a%84%e5%b4%9b%e8%b5%b7-%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e5%ae%8c%e7%be%8e%e7%9a%84%e5%ae%9a%e4%b9%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/2017\/03\/20\/investigating-the-rise-of-populism-a-perfect-definition\/","title":{"rendered":"\u8c03\u67e5\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77--\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"

This article and the next focuses on the “rise of populism”, the second explanation given for two of the major recent political and geopolitical surprises – i.e. the Brexit and the election of Donald\u00a0Trump as U.S. President.<\/p>\n

Populism\u00a0and its rise are potentially at the heart of a possible crisis in Europe, and world-wide, should “populist” and anti-European parties be successful enough in\u00a0the 2017 elections to be able\u00a0to implement their program. The fear is high enough in Europe to lead in the Dutch parliamentary elections held on 15 March 2017, their\u00a0opponents to astonishingly hail as a\u00a0“terrific” victory the loss of eight seats by the centre-right VVD party, \u00a0remaining nonetheless the first political force in the country with 33 seats, while the “populist enemy” won five seats to reach 20, becoming the second force in the country ex-aequo with the Christian Democrats (CDA)\u00a0(BBC News<\/em>, “Dutch election: Wilders defeat celebrated by PM Rutte<\/a>“, 16 March 2017;\u00a0Reuters<\/em>, “Top Merkel aide welcomes ‘terrific’ Dutch result<\/a>“, “France’s Macron hails Dutch stand against ‘extreme right<\/a>‘, 16 March 2017; AAP, “Hollande congratulates Rutte on election<\/a>“, 16 March 2017, SBS<\/em>). The concern is not limited to Europe but is also major, for example,\u00a0in China, including because of the Chinese holding of euro bonds and wishes to promote a multipolar world, even though the Chinese ambassador to France\u00a0underlines they are ready for all scenarios and, valuing bilateral relations, will maintain strong relations with France for example, in all cases\u00a0(Wendy Wu & Laura Zhou, “How could a win by far-right French candidate Marine Le Pen cost China?<\/a>“, 11 March 2017, South China Morning Post<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Whatever the result of these 2017 elections, the conditions that led to citizens’ discontent and to the so-called “rise of populism” cannot be ignored. Failure to do so could lead to even worse consequences in terms of polarization, instability, and spreading multi-level violence, not only domestically but also internationally. For example, the March 2017 diplomatic crisis, fraught with many dangers, and the accompanying high level of tension between the Netherlands, some supportive European member-states including Germany, on the one hand, and Turkey, on the other (e.g. BBC News<\/em>, “Turkey-Netherlands row: Dutch warn citizens after Erdogan threat<\/a>“, 13 March 2017), are most probably heavily related, on both sides, both to this “rise of populism” and to the conditions that made this rise possible.<\/p>\n

It is thus crucial to understand better what is meant by this “rise of populism”\u00a0and to find out what it covers to be able to anticipate potential evolutions and impacts.<\/p>\n

This article\u00a0is\u00a0part of a broader\u00a0series, where we identify emerging new elements that\u00a0should allow us reducing political and geopolitical uncertainty regarding most particularly the international order and the main socio-political systems inhabiting it. Using the largely unforeseen \"populism,<\/a>Brexit and President Trump victory\u00a0and their aftermath as case studies, we\u00a0seek to understand the deeper forces and processes at work and their potential longer-term impacts. We previously<\/a>\u00a0addressed the “anti-globalisation” framework and identified, behind it, the emergence of a possible trend towards a revised “nationalised globalization”<\/strong> supported notably by large American financial and corporate interests.<\/p>\n

Here, starting to investigate what is meant by “the rise of populism” and in which way it applies to the current and ongoing situation, we shall present\u00a0first the scholarly definition of “populism”. We shall then point out that\u00a0that definition indeed fits many of the explanations given not only for the Brexit and the election of President Trump and their aftermath, but also for the success of Turkish President Erdogan. Finally, we shall underline that, nonetheless, if facts are examined, the definition of populism\u00a0is finally less representative of reality than thought at first glance. We shall turn to further complete the definition of populism and to other explanations for the cases at hand with the next article.<\/p>\n

Consensual definition and cases of populism<\/h1>\n

If nationalism is a well researched and understood political phenomenon and process, populism does not benefit from the same accumulated knowledge and understanding. Neither “populism” nor “populist”\u00a0are even entries in the\u00a0Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (search for ‘populism’,<\/a>\u00a0for ‘populist’<\/a>, 14 March\u00a02017).<\/p>\n

Yet,\u00a0the beginning of the 21st century, witnessing the rise of new political parties and movements, which\u00a0became dubbed as “populist”, has seen a renewed interest in the idea.<\/p>\n

As a result of this academic effort, as pointed out by Deiwiks (“Populism<\/a>“, Living Reviews in Democracy<\/em>, CSS-ETH Zurich, 2009), following Panizza (Populism and the Mirror of Democracy<\/em>, 2005), a consensus on what is populism\u00a0has\u00a0started emerging, as shown by the two definitions below. Populism is thus defined as:<\/p>\n

\n

“An ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, \u2018the pure people\u2019 versus \u2018the corrupt elite\u2019, and which argues that politics should be an expression of the volont\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale (general will) of the people.”(Cas Mudde, “The Populist Zeitgeist<\/a>“, 2004: p.543)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

or<\/p>\n

\n

“An ideology which pits a virtuous and homogeneous people against a set of elites and dangerous \u2018others\u2019 who are together depicted as depriving (or attempting to deprive) the sovereign people of their rights, values, prosperity, identity and voice. (Daniele Albertazzi and Duncan McDonnell, “Introduction: The Sceptre and the Spectre<\/a>“, 2008).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

According to Deiwiks, the historical cases usually considered as exemplifying “populism” – or which populist “credentials” are discussed – are\u00a0narodnichestvo<\/a>,<\/em> an\u00a0agrarian socialist movement\u00a0in \"populism,<\/a>Russia among the intelligentsia in the 1860s and 1870s (e.g. Walicki 1969, Canovan, 1981;\u00a0Taggart, 2000); the American People’s Party<\/a> \u00a0between 1891 and 1919 (e.g. Hofstadter, 1969; Canovan, 1981; Ware 2002); Peronism<\/a> in Argentina starting from 1946\u00a0(e.g. Butler, 1969; James, 1988; Weyland 1999 and 2001).<\/p>\n

The end of the 20th\u00a0century and beginning of the 21st century saw a multiplication of cases and interest as stressed above: the Bolivian\u00a0Movimiento al Socialismo of President Evo Morales, the Venezuelan Movimiento V Rep\u00fablica of\u00a0President Hugo Ch\u00e1vez (Mudde and Kaltwasser<\/a>, 2011); in Europe notably the Freiheitliche Partei O\u0308sterreichs (FPO\u0308) in Austria, the Schweizerische Volkspartei (SVP) in Switzerland, the Lega Nord in Italy, the German Republikaner, the\u00a0Front National in France, the People\u2019s Party\u2019s in Denmark, Vlaams Blok in Flanders (e.g. Mudde and Kaltwasser, Deiwiks, bibliography of\u00a0Albertazzi and McDonnell ed. 2008; Hub\u00e9 and Truan<\/a>, 2016).<\/p>\n

A perfect definition not only for the Brexit and the election of U.S. President Trump, but also for the success of Turkish President Erdogan<\/h1>\n

The\u00a0definitions outlined above fit quite well\u00a0the popular or widespread understanding explaining not only the happenstance of the Brexit and the victory of President Trump, but also the risk weighing upon the European Union. A sample of these explanations may be read in the following texts:\u00a0Ronald F. Inglehart and Pippa Norris, “Trump, Brexit, and the rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash<\/a>“, Faculty Research Working Paper Series, Harvard Kennedy School<\/em>, 29 July 2016;\u00a0Anatole Kaletsky, “Trump’s rise and Brexit vote are more an outcome of culture than economics<\/a>“,\u00a0The Guardian<\/em>, 9 Nov 2016;\u00a0Catherine De Vries, “Populism on the rise? The Brexit and Beyond<\/a>“,\u00a0OxPol<\/em>, December 20, 2016; Oscar Williams-Grut, gathering a compendium\u00a0of financial analysts judgement in “Brexit and Trump are just the start \u2014 populism will strike Europe next<\/a>“, 10 Nov 2016, Business Insider UK;\u00a0<\/em>L\u00e9onie de Jonge, “First Brexit and now Trump: what is populism and how might we view it?<\/a>“, 24 Jan 2017, University of Cambridge Research, etc.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"populism,<\/a>Beyond Europe and the U.S., these definitions are\u00a0also used to explain, for example, the success and strengthening of President Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan in Turkey, as shown\u00a0by Jan Werner Mueller, “Erdo\u011fan and the Paradox of Populism<\/a>“, Project Syndicate<\/em>, 11 August 2014, when he states, for instance:<\/p>\n

\n

“Such figures [populist leaders] start out attacking their opponents\u2019 corruption and accuse them of hijacking the state for a self-serving political establishment that excludes the interests of ordinary people” (Mueller, Erdo\u011fan and the Paradox of Populism”).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

We also find as another example,\u00a0S. Erdem Ayta\u00e7 and Ziya \u00d6ni\u015f “Varieties of Populism in a Changing Global Context: The Divergent Paths of Erdo\u011fan and Kirchnerismo<\/a>“,\u00a0Comparative Politics,<\/em> October 2014) who seek to identify and characterise different strands of populism at work in what they call “the age of the post-Washington Consensus”\u00a0in the “emerging South”. They use as definition “A mass movement led by an outsider or maverick seeking to gain or maintain power by using anti-establishment appeals and plebiscitarian linkages” (Barr, 2009), which\u00a0may be broadly seen as belonging to the same family of definitions, although with a different focus (there on ideology and its content, here on movement and leader).<\/p>\n

Cracks under the surface<\/h1>\n

However, in the Brexit case, how are the consensual definitions of populism to account for the fact that many “members of the establishment” supported the Brexit, indeed part of the Conservative party, as well as \"populism,<\/a>some peers and wealthy individuals (Marta Cooper, “A quick review of the UK Conservative party psychodrama that spawned <\/a>the Brexit vote<\/a>“, Quartz<\/em>, 22 June 2016); “Europe. How Conservative MPs break down. Final Remain estimate \u2013 185 Tory MPs, 91 on the payroll, 94 not<\/a>,” Conservative Home<\/em>, 23 June 2016; Nick Clegg “Brexit Lords have a cheek to complain about EU democracy<\/a>“, 6 June 2016, Evening Standard;\u00a0<\/em>Adam Lusher, “More than half of donations to EU referendum campaigns came from just ten wealthy donors<\/a>“,\u00a06 October 2016, The Independent<\/em>)?<\/p>\n

In the U.S. case, the less than adverse interactions between the financial and business leaders and the Trump administration we identified previously<\/a> are also puzzling from the point of view of the definition of populism.<\/p>\n

\"populism,<\/a>Nonetheless, the definitions focusing on the ideological component of “populism” fit obviously Donald Trump’s discourse, as candidate then President, as exemplified by his inaugural speech (20 January 2017, Full text<\/a>, The Guardian<\/em>):<\/p>\n

\n

“We are transferring power from Washington DC and giving it back to you, the people. For too long, a small group in our nation\u2019s Capital has reaped the rewards of government while the people have borne the cost. Washington flourished \u2013 but the people did not share in its wealth. Politicians prospered \u2013 but the jobs left, and the factories closed. The establishment protected itself, but not the citizens of our country….” (President Trump Inaugural Speech, 2017<\/em>).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

It is however less clear that we are faced with populism and not rather nationalism with the following sentence:<\/p>\n

\n

“At the bedrock of our politics will be a total allegiance to the United States of America, and through our loyalty to our country, we will rediscover our loyalty to each other.” (President Trump Inaugural Speech, 2017<\/em>).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Indeed, here, unity within the nation rather than antagonism is stressed.<\/p>\n

Thus, could the above definitions however consensual and practical\u00a0they appeared at first, would it be only because they\u00a0give us a foundation for trying to understand a phenomenon, actually miss something? Should these definitions be revisited, maybe completed, or should we abandon considering populism as a valid, useful and explanatory\u00a0concept to examine the phenomenon at hand? If so, then what should we choose,\u00a0how could we proceed, and most importantly what could it tell us about the future?<\/p>\n

This is what we shall examine with the next article.<\/p>\n

Featured image:\u00a0Trump Rally at US Bank Arena, Cincinnati on 10\/13\/2016. By Bill Huber from Goshen, United States (IMG_20161013_195654) [CC BY 2.0 <\/a>], via Wikimedia Commons.<\/p>\n

About the author<\/strong>: Dr\u00a0<\/em>Helene Lavoix<\/a>, PhD Lond (International Relations), is the Director of The Red (Team) Analysis Society. She is specialised in strategic foresight and warning for national and international security issues.<\/em><\/p>\n

————————–<\/p>\n

Abridged bibliography for references not fully given in the text<\/h5>\n
<\/div>\n
\n

Albertazzi, Daniele; McDonnell, Duncan,\u00a0Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy<\/em>, ed. Palgrave MacMillan, 2008.<\/p>\n

Barr, Robert R. \u201cPopulists, Outsiders and Anti-establishment Politics,\u201d\u00a0Party Politics<\/em>, 15 (January 2009), 29\u201348.<\/p>\n

Butler, David J., “Charisma, Migration, and Elite Coalescence”,\u00a0Comparative Politics<\/em>\u00a01 (3) 1969: 423-439.<\/p>\n

Canovan, Margaret,\u00a0Populism<\/em>. New York: Harcourt Brace Javonovich, 1981.<\/p>\n

Dahrendorf, Ralf, \u2018Acht Anmerkungen zum Populismus\u2019,\u00a0Transit. Europ\u00e4ische Revue<\/em>, 25, 2003.<\/p>\n

Deiwiks, Christa, “Populism”, Living Reviews in Democracy<\/em>, Center for Comparative and International Studies, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, 2009.<\/p>\n

Hofstadter, Richard, “North America”,\u00a0In\u00a0Populism – Its Meanings and National Characteristics<\/em>, edited by G. Ionescu and E. Gellner, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969.<\/p>\n

Hub\u00e9, Nicolas and \u00a0Naomi Truan. “The Reluctance to Use the Word Populism as a Concept. Populist Political Communication in Europe. A Cross-National Analysis of European Countries”, Routledge, 2016.<\/p>\n

James, Daniel,\u00a0Resistance and Integration – Peronism and the Argentine Working Class, 1946-1976<\/em>,\u00a0Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.<\/p>\n

Mudde, Cas,\u00a0 “The Populist Zeitgeist”,\u00a0\u00a0Government and\u00a0<\/em>Opposition<\/em>,\u00a02004: 541-563.<\/p>\n

Mudde, Cas, and Crist\u00f3bal Rovira Kaltwasser, “Voices of the Peoples: Populism in Europe and Latin America compared,”\u00a0Working Paper\u00a0#378, Kellogg Institute, July 2011.<\/p>\n

Panizza, Francisco,\u00a0“Introduction”, In\u00a0Populism and the Mirror of Democracy<\/em>\u00a0edited by F. Panizza, London, New York: Verso, 2005.<\/p>\n

Taggart, Paul,\u00a0Populism<\/em>,\u00a0Buckingham PA: Open University Press, 2000.<\/p>\n

Walicki, Andrzej,\u00a0“Russia”, In\u00a0Populism – Its Meanings and National Characteristics<\/em>, edited by G. Ionescu and E. Gellner, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969.<\/p>\n

Ware, Alan, “The United States: Populism as Political Strategy”, In Democracies and the Populist Challenge<\/em>, edited by Y. Me\u0301ny and Y. Surel. New York: Palgrave, 2002.<\/p>\n

Weyland, Kurt, “Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics,”\u00a0Comparative Politics<\/em>\u00a034 (1) 2001: 1-22.<\/p>\n

Weyland, Kurt, “Neoliberal Populism in Latin America and Eastern Europe”,\u00a0Comparative Politics<\/em>\u00a031 (4) 1999 :379-401.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u548c\u4e0b\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f \"\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\"\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u6700\u8fd1\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cd\u5927\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca--\u5373\u82f1\u56fd\u8131\u6b27\u548c\u5510\u7eb3\u5fb7-\u7279\u6717\u666e\u5f53\u9009\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u3002\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ca\u5176\u5d1b\u8d77\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u4e43\u81f3\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5371\u673a\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u5982\u679c \"\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\"... <\/p>\n

\u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb\"\u8c03\u67e5\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77--\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1f\"<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14435,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2503,2502,1078],"tags":[2328,1789,328,2424,1586,676,561,2441,446,2175],"class_list":["post-14444","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-americas","category-europe","category-new-paradigm","tag-brexit","tag-featured","tag-globalisation","tag-international-order","tag-liberalism","tag-nationalism","tag-neo-liberalism","tag-populism","tag-turkey","tag-u-s","entry"],"yoast_head":"\nInvestigating the Rise of Populism - A Perfect Definition? • The Red Team Analysis Society<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/2017\/03\/20\/\u8c03\u67e5\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77-\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Investigating the Rise of Populism - A Perfect Definition? • The Red Team Analysis Society\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This article and the next focuses on the “rise of populism”, the second explanation given for two of the major recent political and geopolitical surprises – i.e. the Brexit and the election of Donald\u00a0Trump as U.S. President. Populism\u00a0and its rise are potentially at the heart of a possible crisis in Europe, and world-wide, should “populist” … \u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb\u201cInvestigating the Rise of Populism – A Perfect Definition?\u201d\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/2017\/03\/20\/\u8c03\u67e5\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77-\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Red Team Analysis Society\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pages\/Red-Team-Analysis\/341280995886057\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-03-20T08:50:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-10-08T14:00:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Trump_Rally_in_Cincinnati-1038.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1038\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"576\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dr Helene Lavoix (MSc PhD Lond)\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@HLavoix\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@HLavoix\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u4f5c\u8005\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dr Helene Lavoix (MSc PhD Lond)\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u9884\u8ba1\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u95f4\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 \u5206\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/20\\\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/20\\\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Dr Helene Lavoix (MSc PhD Lond)\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/6886ef37ab2b2804bc70995f4ba653d4\"},\"headline\":\"Investigating the Rise of Populism – A Perfect Definition?\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-03-20T08:50:29+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-10-08T14:00:46+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/20\\\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":2163,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/20\\\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/05\\\/Trump_Rally_in_Cincinnati-1038.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Brexit\",\"featured\",\"globalisation\",\"international order\",\"liberalism\",\"nationalism\",\"neo-liberalism\",\"populism\",\"Turkey\",\"U.S\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Americas\",\"Europe\",\"International Order and New Paradigm\"],\"inLanguage\":\"zh-Hans\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/20\\\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/20\\\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/20\\\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\\\/\",\"name\":\"Investigating the Rise of Populism - A Perfect Definition? • The Red Team Analysis Society\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/20\\\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/20\\\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/05\\\/Trump_Rally_in_Cincinnati-1038.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-03-20T08:50:29+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-10-08T14:00:46+00:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"zh-Hans\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/20\\\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"zh-Hans\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/fr\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/20\\\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/05\\\/Trump_Rally_in_Cincinnati-1038.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/05\\\/Trump_Rally_in_Cincinnati-1038.jpg\",\"width\":1038,\"height\":576},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/\",\"name\":\"The Red Team Analysis Society\",\"description\":\"Strategic Foresight & Early Warning \uff65 Political & Geopolitical Risk \u00b7 Scenarios\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"zh-Hans\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"The Red Team Analysis Society\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"zh-Hans\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/logo-Sans-fond-interior-white-thick-circle-3-1-250.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/03\\\/logo-Sans-fond-interior-white-thick-circle-3-1-250.png\",\"width\":250,\"height\":250,\"caption\":\"The Red Team Analysis Society\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/pages\\\/Red-Team-Analysis\\\/341280995886057\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/HLavoix\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/helenelavoix\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/5403964\\\/admin\\\/dashboard\\\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/6886ef37ab2b2804bc70995f4ba653d4\",\"name\":\"Dr Helene Lavoix (MSc PhD Lond)\",\"description\":\"Dr Helene Lavoix is President and Founder of The Red Team Analysis Society. She holds a PhD in political studies and a MSc in international politics of Asia (distinction) from the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, as well as a Master in finance (valedictorian, Grande \u00c9cole, France). An expert in strategic foresight and early warning, especially for national and international security issues, she combines 30 years of experience in international relations and almost 20 years in strategic foresight and warning. Dr. Lavoix has lived and worked in five countries, conducted missions in 16 others, and trained high-level officers around the world, for example in Singapore and as part of European programs in Tunisia and Jordan. She has been a lecturer (Master level) and taught the methodology and practice of strategic foresight and early warning in prestigious institutions such as the RSIS in Singapore, SciencesPo-PSIA in France, the Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure des Forces de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Int\u00e9rieure in Tunisia and the ENA Tunis, Institute of Leadership. She regularly publishes on geopolitical issues, supply and uranium security, artificial intelligence, the international order, China\u2019s rise and other international security topics. Committed to the continuous improvement of foresight and warning methodologies, Dr. Lavoix combines academic expertise and field experience to anticipate the global challenges of tomorrow.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/HLavoix\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/redanalysis.org\\\/zh\\\/author\\\/helenelavoix-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u63a2\u7a76\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1f \u2022 The Red Team Analysis Society","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/2017\/03\/20\/\u8c03\u67e5\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77-\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\/","og_locale":"zh_CN","og_type":"article","og_title":"Investigating the Rise of Populism - A Perfect Definition? • The Red Team Analysis Society","og_description":"This article and the next focuses on the “rise of populism”, the second explanation given for two of the major recent political and geopolitical surprises – i.e. the Brexit and the election of Donald\u00a0Trump as U.S. President. Populism\u00a0and its rise are potentially at the heart of a possible crisis in Europe, and world-wide, should “populist” … \u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb\u201cInvestigating the Rise of Populism – A Perfect Definition?\u201d","og_url":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/2017\/03\/20\/\u8c03\u67e5\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77-\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\/","og_site_name":"The Red Team Analysis Society","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pages\/Red-Team-Analysis\/341280995886057","article_published_time":"2017-03-20T08:50:29+00:00","article_modified_time":"2021-10-08T14:00:46+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1038,"height":576,"url":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Trump_Rally_in_Cincinnati-1038.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Dr Helene Lavoix (MSc PhD Lond)","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@HLavoix","twitter_site":"@HLavoix","twitter_misc":{"\u4f5c\u8005":"Dr Helene Lavoix (MSc PhD Lond)","\u9884\u8ba1\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u95f4":"11 \u5206"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2017\/03\/20\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2017\/03\/20\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\/"},"author":{"name":"Dr Helene Lavoix (MSc PhD Lond)","@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/#\/schema\/person\/6886ef37ab2b2804bc70995f4ba653d4"},"headline":"Investigating the Rise of Populism – A Perfect Definition?","datePublished":"2017-03-20T08:50:29+00:00","dateModified":"2021-10-08T14:00:46+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2017\/03\/20\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\/"},"wordCount":2163,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2017\/03\/20\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Trump_Rally_in_Cincinnati-1038.jpg","keywords":["Brexit","featured","globalisation","international order","liberalism","nationalism","neo-liberalism","populism","Turkey","U.S"],"articleSection":["Americas","Europe","International Order and New Paradigm"],"inLanguage":"zh-Hans","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2017\/03\/20\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2017\/03\/20\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\/","url":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2017\/03\/20\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\/","name":"\u63a2\u7a76\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1f \u2022 The Red Team Analysis Society","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2017\/03\/20\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2017\/03\/20\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Trump_Rally_in_Cincinnati-1038.jpg","datePublished":"2017-03-20T08:50:29+00:00","dateModified":"2021-10-08T14:00:46+00:00","inLanguage":"zh-Hans","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2017\/03\/20\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"zh-Hans","@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/fr\/2017\/03\/20\/enqu%c3%aater-sur-la-mont%c3%a9e-du-populisme-une-d%c3%a9finition-parfaite\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Trump_Rally_in_Cincinnati-1038.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Trump_Rally_in_Cincinnati-1038.jpg","width":1038,"height":576},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/#website","url":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/","name":"\u8fdc\u666f\u6d1e\u5bdf\u7814\u7a76\u6240","description":"\u6218\u7565\u524d\u77bb\u4e0e\u65e9\u671f\u9884\u8b66 \uff65 \u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u98ce\u9669 \u00b7 \u60c5\u666f\u5206\u6790","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"zh-Hans"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/#organization","name":"\u8fdc\u666f\u6d1e\u5bdf\u7814\u7a76\u6240","url":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"zh-Hans","@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/logo-Sans-fond-interior-white-thick-circle-3-1-250.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/logo-Sans-fond-interior-white-thick-circle-3-1-250.png","width":250,"height":250,"caption":"The Red Team Analysis Society"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pages\/Red-Team-Analysis\/341280995886057","https:\/\/x.com\/HLavoix","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/helenelavoix\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/5403964\/admin\/dashboard\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/#\/schema\/person\/6886ef37ab2b2804bc70995f4ba653d4","name":"Helene Lavoix \u535a\u58eb\uff08\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u7406\u5b66\u7855\u58eb\u3001\u535a\u58eb\uff09","description":"\u662f Red Team Analysis Society \u7684\u603b\u88c1\u517c\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u3002\u5979\u62e5\u6709\u4f26\u6566\u5927\u5b66\u4e9a\u975e\u5b66\u9662\uff08SOAS\uff09\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff08\u4f18\u5f02\u6210\u7ee9\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u91d1\u878d\u5b66\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff08\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u6bd5\u4e1a\uff09\u3002\r\n\r\n\u5979\u62e5\u6709 30 \u5e74\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u548c\u8fd1 20 \u5e74\u7684\u6218\u7565\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u9884\u8b66\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u662f\u6218\u7565\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u9884\u8b66\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u62c9\u6c83\u74e6\u535a\u58eb\u66fe\u5728\u4e94\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fc7\uff0c\u5728\u53e6\u5916 16 \u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u57f9\u8bad\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u548c\u7ea6\u65e6\u3002\r\n\r\n\u5979\u66fe\u5728\u65b0\u52a0\u5761 RSIS\u3001SciencesPo-PSIA \u6216\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u56fd\u5185\u6cbb\u5b89\u90e8\u961f\u9ad8\u7b49\u5b66\u6821\u548c\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af\u56fd\u5bb6\u822a\u7a7a\u548c\u822a\u5929\u5c40\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u5b66\u9662\u7b49\u8457\u540d\u673a\u6784\u62c5\u4efb\u8bb2\u5e08\uff08\u7855\u58eb\uff09\uff0c\u8bb2\u6388\u6218\u7565\u524d\u77bb\u548c\u9884\u8b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\r\n\u5979\u5b9a\u671f\u53d1\u8868\u5173\u4e8e\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u4f9b\u5e94\u548c\u94c0\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u5d1b\u8d77\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u9645\u5b89\u5168\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\r\n\r\n\u62c9\u6c83\u74e6\u535a\u58eb\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u4e0d\u65ad\u6539\u8fdb\u9884\u6d4b\u548c\u9884\u8b66\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u5b66\u672f\u4e13\u957f\u4e0e\u5b9e\u5730\u7ecf\u9a8c\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u9884\u6d4b\u672a\u6765\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6311\u6218\u3002.","sameAs":["https:\/\/redanalysis.org","https:\/\/x.com\/HLavoix"],"url":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/author\/helenelavoix-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2\/"}]}},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Trump_Rally_in_Cincinnati-1038.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14444","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14444"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14444\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14435"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14444"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14444"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/redanalysis.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14444"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}